A COMPARISON OF TWO TECHNIQUES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF INTERNATIONAL JUDGMENT

On trouve, dans la littérature, de bons arguments en faveur d'une procédure pour l'étude des jugements qui permette aux répondants de fournir leurs propres dimensions de réponses. Cette approche diffère du différenciateur sémantique, entre autres, dans lequel les échelles utilisées sont fournies par le chercheur. Les AA. examinent dans cet article les relations entre les résultats obtenus avec l'une et l'autre des deux méthodes. On demande aux sujets de juger du gouvernement actuel de io pays en termes de ressemblance-dissemblance par paires; les réponses sont soumises à une analyse pluridimensionnelle (multidimensional scaling) afin de mettre en évidence les dimensions qui sous-tendent les jugements. Ces représentations, en termes de dimensions, sont alors comparées aux notes correspondant aux facteurs Evaluation et Puissance du différenciateur sémantique. On constate que pour l'ensemble des sujets la dimension principale mise en évidence par l'analyse pluridimensionnelle correspond nettement au facteur Evaluation et que la dimension qui vient en second rang est en liaison avec le facteur Puissance. Des analyses séparées ont été également faites en fonction de l'orientation politique des répondants : on constate que les jugements que portent sur les gouvernements les sujets de droite sont beaucoup plus teintés d'Evaluation.     

Stimulus proba]bility and choice reaction time

Two experiments, in which three stimuli were paired with two responses in a 2∶1, 1∶1 arrangement, showed choice RT to be a decreasing function of the relative frequency of stimulus occurrence when response frequencies are equated. The size of effect varied significantly with stimulus type (Experiment 1), being larger for circular light patches of differing diameter than for sets of colors, letters, and spatially distributed light sources, but was independent of differences in the similarity of stimulus alternatives within a set (Experiment 2). The results are discussed in terms of various strategies of stimulus identification.     

Influencing Republicans’ and Democrats’ attitudes toward Obamacare: Effects of imagined vicarious cognitive dissonance on political attitudes

The field of experimental social psychology is appropriately interested in using novel theoretical approaches to implement change in the social world. In the current study, we extended cognitive dissonance theory by creating a new framework of social influence: imagined vicarious dissonance. We used the framework to influence attitudes on an important and controversial political attitude: U.S. citizens’ support for the Affordable Care Act (ACA). 36 Republicans and 84 Democrats were asked to imagine fellow Republicans and Democrats, respectively, making attitude discrepant statements under high and low choice conditions about support for the ACA. The data showed that vicarious dissonance, established by imagining a group member make a counterattitudinal speech under high-choice conditions (as compared to low-choice conditions), resulted in greater support for the Act by Republicans and marginally diminished support by Democrats. The results suggest a promising role for the application of vicarious dissonance theory to relevant societal issues and for further understanding the relationship of dissonance and people’s identification with their social groups.     

The effects of d-amphetamine on the temporal control of operant responding in rats during a preshock stimulus.

The operant behavior of six rats was maintained by a random-interval schedule of reinforcement. Three-minute periods of noise were superimposed on this behavior, each period ending with the delivery of an unavoidable shock. Overall rates of responding were generally lower during the periods of noise than in its absence (conditioned suppression). These suppressed response rates also exhibited temporal patterning, with responding becoming less frequent as each noise period progressed. The effects of d-amphetamine on this behavioral baseline were then assessed. In four animals the relative response rates during the noise and in its absence suggested that the drug produced a dose-related decrease in the amount of conditioned suppression. However, this effect was often due to a decrease in the rates of responding in the absence of the preshock stimulus, rather than to an increase in response rates during the stimulus. Temporal patterning in response rates during the preshock stimulus was abolished, an effect that was interpreted in terms of rate-dependent effect of d-amphetamine. This study thus extends rate-dependent analyses of the effects of amphetamines to the patterns of operant behavior that occur during a preshock stimulus, and which have been discussed in terms of the disrupting effects of anxiety on operant behavior.     

Stimulus change effects of forcing on maze arm selection in hamsters

Hamsters were forced to enter one arm of a T-maze on four succesive runs by means of either a grey door of the same brightness as the rest of the apparatus or by a black or white door. During four successive free choices the subjects entered the previously blocked arm significantly more often following forcing with the black or white door.