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911.
Traditionally, liberals have confined religion to the sphere of the ‘private’ or ‘non-political’. However, recent debates
over the place of religious symbols in public spaces, state financing of faith schools, and tax relief for religious organisations
suggest that this distinction is not particularly useful in easing the tension between liberal commitments to equality on
the one hand, and freedom of religion on the other. This article deals with one aspect of this debate, which concerns whether
members of religious communities should receive exemptions from regulations that place a distinctively heavy burden on them.
Drawing on Habermas’ understanding of churches as ‘communities of interpretation’, we explore possible alternatives to both
the ‘rule-and-exemption’ approach and the ‘neutralist’ approach. Our proposal rests on the idea of mutual learning between
secular and religious perspectives. On this interpretation, what is required is (i) the generation and maintenance of public
spaces in which there could be discussion and dialogue about particular cases, and (ii) evaluation of whether the basic conditions
of moral discourse are present in these spaces. Thus deliberation becomes a touchstone for the building of a shared democratic
ethos. 相似文献
912.
Maturational changes in the capacity to process quickly the temporal envelope of sound have been linked to language abilities in typically developing individuals. As part of a longitudinal study of brain maturation and cognitive development during adolescence, we employed dense‐array EEG and spatiotemporal source analysis to characterize maturational changes in the timing of brain responses to temporal variations in sound. We found significant changes in the brain responses compared longitudinally at two time points in early adolescence, namely 10 years (65 subjects) and 11.5 years (60 of the 65 subjects), as well as large differences between adults, studied with the same protocol ( Poulsen, Picton & Paus, 2007 ), and the children at 10 and 11.5 years of age. The transient auditory evoked potential to tone onset showed decreases in the latency of vertex and T‐complex components, and a highly significant increase in the amplitude of the N1 wave with increasing age. The auditory steady state response to a 40‐Hz frequency‐modulated tone increased in amplitude with increasing age. The peak frequency of the envelope‐following response to sweeps of amplitude‐modulated white noise also increased significantly with increasing age. These results indicate persistent maturation of the cortical mechanisms for auditory processing from childhood into middle adulthood. 相似文献
913.
Ágnes Melinda Kovács 《Developmental science》2009,12(1):48-54
In their first years, children's understanding of mental states seems to improve dramatically, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are still unclear. Such ‘theory of mind’ (ToM) abilities may arise during development, or have an innate basis, developmental changes reflecting limitations of other abilities involved in ToM tasks (e.g. inhibition). Special circumstances such as early bilingualism may enhance ToM development or other capacities required by ToM tasks. Here we compare 3‐year‐old bilinguals and monolinguals on a standard ToM task, a modified ToM task and a control task involving physical reasoning. The modified ToM task mimicked a language‐switch situation that bilinguals often encounter and that could influence their ToM abilities. If such experience contributes to an early consolidation of ToM in bilinguals, they should be selectively enhanced in the modified task. In contrast, if bilinguals have an advantage due to better executive inhibitory abilities involved in ToM tasks, they should outperform monolinguals on both ToM tasks, inhibitory demands being similar. Bilingual children showed an advantage on the two ToM tasks but not on the control task. The precocious success of bilinguals may be associated with their well‐developed control functions formed during monitoring and selecting languages. 相似文献
914.
Katrin Skoruppa Ferran Pons Anne Christophe Laura Bosch Emmanuel Dupoux Núria Sebastián‐Gallés Rita Alves Limissuri Sharon Peperkamp 《Developmental science》2009,12(6):914-919
During the first year of life, infants begin to have difficulties perceiving non‐native vowel and consonant contrasts, thus adapting their perception to the phonetic categories of the target language. In this paper, we examine the perception of a non‐segmental feature, i.e. stress. Previous research with adults has shown that speakers of French (a language with fixed stress) have great difficulties in perceiving stress contrasts ( Dupoux, Pallier, Sebastián & Mehler, 1997 ), whereas speakers of Spanish (a language with lexically contrastive stress) perceive these contrasts as accurately as segmental contrasts. We show that language‐specific differences in the perception of stress likewise arise during the first year of life. Specifically, 9‐month‐old Spanish infants successfully distinguish between stress‐initial and stress‐final pseudo‐words, while French infants of this age show no sign of discrimination. In a second experiment using multiple tokens of a single pseudo‐word, French infants of the same age successfully discriminate between the two stress patterns, showing that they are able to perceive the acoustic correlates of stress. Their failure to discriminate stress patterns in the first experiment thus reflects an inability to process stress at an abstract, phonological level. 相似文献
915.
Two themes run through Kierkegaard’s authorship. The first defines existential requirements for “becoming human”—reflective
honesty and earnest humor. The second demarcates the religious phenomena of sobriety when human becoming suffers insurmountable
collisions. Living with existential pathos teaches the difference between the either/or logic of collisions and the both/and
logic of development and transitions. There is a difference between self-transformation and a progressive individual and social
development. In the developmental mode self experiences gradual progression or adaptive evolution; in the self-transformative
mode self undergoes qualitative upsurges, leaps, gestalt switches, musical key transpositions of becoming in individual and
social evolutions. Each individual in every epoch begins at the beginning. The author traces the movements of becoming in
their parallel dimensions, drawing a fork through Kierkegaard’s writing. The first leads through the existence spheres of
his pseudonymous authorship. The second intensifies the movement on the spot and in the moment.
相似文献
Martin Beck MatuštíkEmail: URL: http://www.public.asu.edu/~mmatusti |
916.
917.
María Dimitropoulou Jon Andoni Du?abeitia Panagiotis Blitsas Manuel Carreiras 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):584-589
The appropriate selection of both pictorial and linguistic experimental stimuli requires a previous languagespecific standardization
process of the materials across different variables. Considering that such normative data have not yet been collected for
Modern Greek, in this study normative data for the color version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set (Rossion & Pourtois,
2004) were collected from 330 native Greek adults. Participants named the pictures (providing name agreement ratings) and
rated them for visual complexity and age of acquisition. The obtained measures represent a useful tool for further research
on Greek language processing and constitute the first picture normative study for this language. The picture norms from this
study and previous ones may be downloaded from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
918.
Alberto Maydeu-Olivares Uwe Kramp Carlos García-Forero David Gallardo-Pujol Donna Coffman 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):295-308
Despite a hundred years of questionnaire testing, no consensus has been reached on the optimal number of response alternatives
in rating scales. Differences in prior research may have been due to the use of various psychometric models (classical test
theory, item factor analysis, and item response theory) and different performance criteria (reliability, convergent/discriminant
validity, and internal structure of the questionnaire). Furthermore, previous empirical studies on this issue have tackled
the experimental design from a between-subjects perspective, thus ignoring intra-individual effects. In contrast with this
approach, we propose a within-subjects experimental design and a comprehensive statistical methodology using structural equation
models for studying all of these aspects simultaneously, therefore increasing statistical power. To illustrate the method,
two personality questionnaires were examined using a repeated measures design. Results indicated that as the number of response
alternatives increased, (1) internal consistency increased, (2) there was no effect on convergent validity, and (3) goodness
of fit worsened. Finally, the article assesses the practical consequences of this research for the design of future personality
questionnaires. 相似文献
919.
This article compiles the investigations carried out by a Research Group of the University of Granada, Spain. Its different
projects on writing’s cognitive social and cultural processes have been supported by the Spanish Government. This line of
research joined together linguistic, psychological, social and cultural contributions to the development of writing from the
1970s. Currently, this line of research develops in collaboration with other European Universities: (a) Interuniversity Centre
for Research On Cognitive Processing in Natural and Artificial Systems (ECONA), “La Sapienza” University of Rome (Italy);
(b) Anadolu University, (Eskisehir, Turkey); (c) Coimbra University (Portugal); (d) University of Zaragoza (Spain); (e) the
Institute of Education of the University of London (United Kingdom). The aforementioned collaboration is materializing into
projects like the International Master on Multilingual Writing: Cognitive, Intercultural and Technological Processes of Written
Communication () and the International Congress: Writing in the twenty-first Century: Cognition, Multilinguisim and Technologies, held in
Granada (). This research line is focussed on the development of strategies in writing development, basic to train twenty-first century
societies’ citizens. In these societies, participation in production media, social exchange and the development of multilingual
written communication skills through new computer technologies spread multicultural values. In order to fulfil the social
exigencies, it is needed to have the collaboration of research groups for designing and applying international research projects.
International Master. Multilingual Writing Web: , . 相似文献
920.
The article discusses the field of Forensic Psychology in Czech Republic. It concentrates upon the successes and stagnations of the field, which can be attributed to the political and historical development of the country. After a brief historical background and demographic information, the article introduces the history and structure of the police force and prison service. The article then moves on to discuss the history and publication development of the field of Forensic Psychology and its use in practice. It characterizes the field from its beginnings between the two wars, to the activities of the Research Institute of Penology from 1967 to1980 and the years following the political change of 1989. The article concludes with the law framework within which the field operates. Based upon this summary of the situation in Czech republic, the author makes an assessment of the status of Forensic Psychology in Czech republic, especially in terms of conducting research for the practice. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献