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81.
Stefan Schulz-Hardt Birgit Thurow-Kröning Dieter Frey 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2009
A prominent finding in escalating commitment and entrapment research is the “responsibility effect”: people invest more in a losing course of action or persist with it for longer if they themselves initiated this action (responsibility) as opposed to if it was assigned to them. We argue that this effect is driven by participants’ preferences. Responsible participants usually prefer the chosen alternative since they have chosen it themselves. Non-responsible participants, in contrast, represent a mix of persons who either favor or disfavor the chosen alternative. In two experiments, we demonstrate that responsible participants favor the chosen course of action more strongly than non-responsible participants do, that these preferences facilitate reinvestment in and persistence with the chosen course of action, and that responsibility has no effect over and above this effect of preferences. Non-responsible participants preferring the chosen course of action made similar reinvestments and exhibited similar persistence as responsible participants. 相似文献
82.
83.
Coelho RW Keller B Kuczynski KM Ribeiro E Lima MC Greboggy D Stefanello JM 《Perceptual and motor skills》2012,114(2):419-428
The effect of multimodal imagery on anxiety and perceived stress was investigated in 46 male tennis players (16 to 18 yr.; M = 17.0, SD = 0.8). There were two groups, a multimodal imagery group and a control imagery group. The quasi-experimental design included pre- and post-treatment administrations of the 27-item Competitive State Anxiety Inventory to assess anxiety and the Perceived Stress Scale to assess stress. Analysis showed a statistically significant multivariate difference between the multimodal imagery and control groups on measures of cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, and perceived stress. Imagery plays a role in handling some specific types of anxiety and stress. 相似文献
84.
The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), which is widely used to measure overgeneral autobiographical memory in individuals with depression and a trauma history. Its factor structure and internal consistency have not been explored in a clinical sample. This study examined the psychometric properties of the AMT in a sample of recent trauma survivors (N = 194), who completed the AMT 2 weeks after a trauma. Participants were also assessed with structured clinical interviews for current acute stress disorder and current and past major depressive disorder. Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory were used to analyze the AMT in the whole sample. The factor structure of the AMT was also compared for (a) individuals with and without lifetime major depressive disorder and (b) individuals with current (posttrauma) major depressive disorder and/or acute stress disorder versus those with neither disorder. In all of these analyses, the AMT with cues of positive and negative valence had a 1-factor structure, which replicates work in nonclinical samples. Based on analyses of the whole sample, scores from the AMT had a reliability estimate of .72, and standard error of measurement was lowest for people who scored low on memory specificity. In conclusion, the AMT measures 1 factor of memory specificity in a clinical sample and can yield reliable scores for memory specificity. More psychometric studies of the AMT are needed to replicate these results with similar and other clinical populations. 相似文献
85.
Birgit Griesmayr Barbara Berger Renate Stelzig-Schoeler Wolfgang Aichhorn Juergen Bergmann Paul Sauseng 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2014,14(4):1340-1355
In healthy humans, it has been shown that executive functions are associated with increased frontal-midline EEG theta activity and theta phase coupling between frontal and posterior brain regions. In individuals with schizophrenia, central executive functions are supposed to be heavily impaired. Given that theta phase coupling is causally involved in central executive functions, one would expect that patients with an executive function deficit should display abnormal EEG theta synchronization. We therefore investigated executive functioning in 21 healthy controls and 21 individuals with schizophrenia while they performed a visuospatial delayed match to sample task. The task required either high executive demands (manipulation of content in working memory [WM]) or low executive demands (retention of WM content). In addition, WM load (one vs. three items) was varied. Results indicated higher frontal theta activity for manipulation processes than for retention processes in patients with schizophrenia, as compared with healthy controls, independently of WM load. Furthermore, individuals with schizophrenia revealed a reduction in theta phase coupling during early stages of the delay period for retention, as well as for manipulation processes at high-WM loads. Deviations in theta phase coupling in individuals with schizophrenia were mainly characterized by aberrant fronto-posterior connections, but also by attenuated posterior connections during manipulation of high-WM load. To conclude, fronto-parietal theta coupling seems to be substantially involved in executive control, whereas frontal theta activity seems to reflect general task demands, such as deployment of attentional resources during WM. 相似文献
86.
From about 7 months of age onward, infants start to reliably fixate the goal of an observed action, such as a grasp, before the action is complete. The available research has identified a variety of factors that influence such goal-anticipatory gaze shifts, including the experience with the shown action events and familiarity with the observed agents. However, the underlying cognitive processes are still heavily debated. We propose that our minds (i) tend to structure sensorimotor dynamics into probabilistic, generative event-predictive, and event boundary predictive models, and, meanwhile, (ii) choose actions with the objective to minimize predicted uncertainty. We implement this proposition by means of event-predictive learning and active inference. The implemented learning mechanism induces an inductive, event-predictive bias, thus developing schematic encodings of experienced events and event boundaries. The implemented active inference principle chooses actions by aiming at minimizing expected future uncertainty. We train our system on multiple object-manipulation events. As a result, the generation of goal-anticipatory gaze shifts emerges while learning about object manipulations: the model starts fixating the inferred goal already at the start of an observed event after having sampled some experience with possible events and when a familiar agent (i.e., a hand) is involved. Meanwhile, the model keeps reactively tracking an unfamiliar agent (i.e., a mechanical claw) that is performing the same movement. We qualitatively compare these modeling results to behavioral data of infants and conclude that event-predictive learning combined with active inference may be critical for eliciting goal-anticipatory gaze behavior in infants. 相似文献
87.
88.
A depressogenic attributional style, i.e., internal, stable and global causal interpretations of negative events, is a stable
vulnerability factor for depression. Current measures of pessimistic attributional style can be time-consuming to complete,
and some are designed for specific use with student populations. We developed and validated a new short questionnaire suitable
for the measurement of depressogenic attributions in clinical settings, the Depressive Attributions Questionnaire (DAQ). The
16-item DAQ, and measures of depression and related cognitive concepts were completed by three samples of depressed patients
and matched controls, or depressed and non-depressed participants who had been exposed to a recent uncontrollable stressful
life event (total N = 375). The DAQ had high (i) internal reliability, (ii) test-retest reliability, (iii) convergent, discriminant and construct
validity. It predicted a diagnosis of major depression at 6 months after an uncontrollable stressor, over and above what could
be predicted from initial depression severity. Depressed patients rated the scale as acceptable. The DAQ may be a useful short
measure of depressogenic attributions, which is easy to administer, and predicts concurrent and future depression. It has
possible applications as a screening measure for risk of depression, or as a treatment process measure. 相似文献
89.
Living in complex social systems requires perceptual and cognitive capacities for the recognition of group membership and
individual competitors. Olfaction is one means by which this can be achieved. Many animals can identify individual proteins
in urine, skin secretions, or saliva by scent. Additionally, marking behaviour in several mammals and especially in horses
indicates the importance of sniffing conspecifics’ faeces for olfactory recognition. To test this hypothesis, we conducted
two separate experiments: Experiment 1 addressed the question of whether horses can recognise the group membership of other
horses by sniffing their faeces. The horses were presented with four faecal samples: (1) their own, (2) those of other members
of their own group, (3) those of unfamiliar mares, and (4) those of unfamiliar geldings. Experiment two was designed to assess
whether horses can identify the group member from whom a faecal sample came. Here, we presented two groups of horses with
faecal samples from their group mates in random distribution. As controls, soil heaps and sheep faecal samples were used.
In experiment one, horses distinguished their own from their conspecifics’ faeces, but did not differentiate between familiarity
and sex. In experiment two, the horses from both groups paid most attention to the faeces of the horses from which they received
the highest amount of aggressive behaviours. We therefore suggest that horses of both sexes can distinguish individual competitors
among their group mates by the smell of their faeces. 相似文献
90.
Birgit Griesmayr Walter R. Gruber Wolfgang Klimesch Paul Sauseng 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2010,93(2):208-215
The involvement of oscillatory activity, especially at theta and gamma frequency, in human working memory has been reported frequently. A salient pattern during working memory is electroencephalographic frontal midline theta activity which has been suggested to reflect monitoring functions in order to deal with a task. In general, theta activity has been credited with integrative functions of distributed activity. In the present study, we focused on electroencephalographic power analyses and cross-frequency phase synchronization in order to test whether frontal midline theta activity is linked to more locally generated gamma oscillations during the performance of a verbal delayed match to sample task. The task consisted of two different conditions where subjects either had to reorganize three consonant letters in alphabetical order (manipulation condition) or where they merely had to retain the three consonant letters (retention condition). Results revealed higher frontal midline theta activity for the manipulation of maintained stimulus material compared to pure retention of stimulus material. Interestingly, power differences between conditions were most pronounced during the second half of the delay period. Cross-frequency phase synchronization between frontal midline theta activity and distributed gamma activity, on the other hand, was predominant during the first half of the delay period and was stronger for manipulation compared to retention. We suggest that coupling of frontal midline theta to gamma activity reflects monitoring functions on the temporal segregation of memory items, whereas higher frontal midline theta power in the second half of the delay period might be associated with rehearsal processes. Rehearsal processes in the manipulation condition are likely more pronounced, because rehearsal of a new letter string in a limited time window requires higher mental effort compared to pure retention where rehearsal processes may already start at the beginning of the delay period. 相似文献