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51.
Simone Kühn Birgit Elsner Wolfgang Prinz Marcel Brass 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(3):542-549
Research on voluntary action has focused on the question of how we represent our behavior on a motor and cognitive level.
However, the question of how we represent voluntary not acting has been completely neglected. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cognitive and motor representation
of intentionally not acting. By using an action-effect binding approach, we demonstrate similarities of action and nonaction.
In particular, our results reveal that voluntary nonactions can be bound to an effect tone. This finding suggests that effect
binding is not restricted to an association between a motor representation and a successive effect (action-effect binding)
but can also occur for an intended nonaction and its effect (nonaction-effect binding). Moreover, we demonstrate that nonactions
have to be initiated voluntarily in order to elicit nonaction-effect binding. 相似文献
52.
Birgit Mayer Harald Merckelbach Peter Muris 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1999,21(3):237-248
In the present study, spider-phobic children (N = 22) were exposed to subliminal presentations of spiders, snakes, and mushrooms, while skin conductance responses (SCRs) were measured. In addition, pre- and post-treatment symptom severity data were obtained. As a group, spider-phobic children did not react with differential SCRs to masked phobic pictures. In addition, no convincing evidence was found to suggest that individual variation in differential SCRs to phobic stimuli is linked to pre-treatment symptom severity or therapy outcome. These findings cast doubts on the idea that phobics' phenomenal experience of their fear as irrational and uncontrollable is a result of pre-attentive physiological fear activation. 相似文献
53.
Ninety MBA students were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions in a 3(levels of disability) × 2(levels of employment history) design. Levels of disability (Physical, Psychiatric, and No Disability) and levels of employment history (Good and Poor) were manipulated by giving the subjects bogus information on a job application form prior to hearing a taped job interview. Subjects then rated the quality of the interview and stated the probability that they would hire the interviewee. Evaluations of the interview and hiring probabilities were different between the experimental groups. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
54.
A role for Synapsin in associative learning: the Drosophila larva as a study case 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
Michels B Diegelmann S Tanimoto H Schwenkert I Buchner E Gerber B 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2005,12(3):224-231
Synapsins are evolutionarily conserved, highly abundant vesicular phosphoproteins in presynaptic terminals. They are thought to regulate the recruitment of synaptic vesicles from the reserve pool to the readily-releasable pool, in particular when vesicle release is to be maintained at high spiking rates. As regulation of transmitter release is a prerequisite for synaptic plasticity, we use the fruit fly Drosophila to ask whether Synapsin has a role in behavioral plasticity as well; in fruit flies, Synapsin is encoded by a single gene (syn). We tackled this question for associative olfactory learning in larval Drosophila by using the deletion mutant syn97CS, which had been backcrossed to the Canton-S wild-type strain (CS) for 13 generations. We provide a molecular account of the genomic status of syn97CS by PCR and show the absence of gene product on Western blots and nerve-muscle preparations. We found that olfactory associative learning in syn97CS larvae is reduced to ~50% of wild-type CS levels; however, responsiveness to the to-be-associated stimuli and motor performance in untrained animals are normal. In addition, we introduce two novel behavioral control procedures to test stimulus responsiveness and motor performance after “sham training.” Wild-type CS and syn97CS perform indistinguishably also in these tests. Thus, larval Drosophila can be used as a case study for a role of Synapsin in associative learning. 相似文献
55.
Anke Schmermund Robert Sellers Birgit Mueller & Faye Crosby 《Political psychology》2001,22(4):759-774
Variations in support for affirmative action were assessed in a sample of 181 African American college students in Massachusetts. These students generally endorsed affirmative action, and endorsement varied positively as a function of the belief that one had personally benefited from affirmative action. Aspects of racial identity, indexed by the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity, also predicted variations in attitudes toward affirmative action, over and above background factors and personal benefit. Consistent with realistic group conflict theory, the most influential aspects of identity were centrality (i.e., the degree to which group identity is central to personal identity), private regard (i.e., pride in the group), and an oppressed minority ideology (i.e., a viewpoint that emphasizes the similarities between African Americans and other oppressed groups). 相似文献
56.
The Simon effect is usually explained by the assumption that the irrelevant stimulus location automatically activates the corresponding response. In the case of incongruent stimulus–response assignments automatically activated responses therefore have to be suppressed to ensure correct responses. This account, however, has been called into question for other than horizontally arranged visual Simon tasks. We investigated whether there is a qualitative or quantitative difference in suppression of irrelevant activation between horizontally and vertically arranged Simon tasks, using delta-function analyses. Sequential analyses revealed suppression after incongruent trials in both tasks, supporting the idea of a quantitative rather than a qualitative difference between the tasks. We conclude that automatic response activation is weaker in vertical tasks resulting in lower inhibitory demands as compared to horizontal tasks. 相似文献
57.
Thiel A Habedank B Herholz K Kessler J Winhuisen L Haupt WF Heiss WD 《Brain and language》2006,98(1):57-65
In normal right-handed subjects language production usually is a function oft the left brain hemisphere. Patients with aphasia following brain damage to the left hemisphere have a considerable potential to compensate for the loss of this function. Sometimes, but not always, areas of the right hemisphere which are homologous to language areas of the left hemisphere in normal subjects are successfully employed for compensation but this integration process may need time to develop. We investigated right-handed patients with left hemisphere brain tumors as a model of continuously progressive brain damage to left hemisphere language areas using functional neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to identify factors which determine successful compensation of lost language function. Only patients with slowly progressing brain lesions recovered right-sided language function as detected by TMS. In patients with rapidly progressive lesions no right-sided language function was found and language performance was linearly correlated with the lateralization of language related brain activation to the left hemisphere. It can thus be concluded that time is the factor which determines successful integration of the right hemisphere into the language network for compensation of lost left hemisphere language function. 相似文献
58.
59.
Mark A. Barnett Guy D. Vitaglione Jeffrey S. Bartel Birgit S. Valdez Lee Ann Steadman Kemberly K. G. Harper 《Current Psychology》1998,17(2-3):170-187
Two studies were conducted to assess the relationship between an individual's self-described motivation for being a help-provider
(i.e., a lawyer in Study 1 and a physi-cian in Study 2) and college undergraduates' perceptions of, and desire to seek assis-tance
from, that help-provider. The major findings were incongruent with the notion inferred from the helping literature that altruistically
motivated help-providers would be consistently evaluated more favorably than, and preferred over, egoistically moti-vated
help-providers. Specifically, whereas the other-oriented help-providers were rated as more likable, honest, and less devious
than the self-oriented help-providers, the self-oriented help-providers were rated as more ambitious, competent, and as earning
more money than the other-oriented help-providers. Moreover, although the participants' “desire to hire” a particular help-provider
was found to be associated with: (1) their perceptions of the help-provider's characteristics (Studies 1 and 2), (2) their
own self-reported characteristics (Study 1), and (3) their anticipated affective state prior to seeking assistance (Studies
1 and 2), no clear relation was found in either study between the help-provider's motivation and the participants' desire
to seek assistance from that help-provider. In contrast to the ambivalence demonstrated in response to the altruistically
and egoistically motivated professional help-providers in Studies 1 and 2, participants in a preliminary study of perceptions
of “everyday” helpers demonstrated a clear preference for altruistically motivated assistance (al-though these participants'
evaluations were found to be influenced by the closeness of the relationship between the helper and recipient, the type of
help provided, the participants' gender, and the gender of the helper-recipient dyad). Considered to-gether, the pattern of
results suggests the broad range of situational and individual difference variables that may affect perceptions of, and reactions
to, self-oriented and other-oriented help-providers. 相似文献
60.
Theories of individuation predict systematic differences in argumentative behavior between adolescent girls and their mothers. In order to reveal the nature and functions of this kind of discourse, two studies were carried out on 110 mother-daughter pairs. The second study (n=80) replicated and extended the first study (n=30) on an independent sample. The mother-daughter pairs were asked to discuss a subject that had recently been at issue between them. To assess the argumentative behavior, a category system was developed that reflects the functional character of utterances in discourse. The aim of the research was to test the reliability and validity of the category system. Daughters are assumed to verbalize their own needs and preferences to increase the differences to the mother, and to weaken or reject the mother's arguments in an effort to resist control. Mothers, on the other hand, are supposed to exert control over the behavior of their daughters but do so within bounds of mutuality. This should lead to verbal initiatives and attempts to explain, support and modify their positions and arguments. The data showed high reliability of the categorization of arguments. The categories also differentiated between mothers and daughters. Daughters were more likely to try to weaken and reject (and accept) the mother's arguments and to state preferences while mothers tried to support and explain their positions and to retain control by initiating questions and arguments to which the daughters responded. 相似文献