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21.
Mokros A Menner B Eisenbarth H Alpers GW Lange KW Osterheider M 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2008,117(2):406-413
Maladaptive social behavior is one of the defining characteristics of psychopathic personality disorder. Nevertheless, maladaptive social behavior has only rarely been observed among psychopaths in experimentally controlled situations. The authors assessed the behavior of criminal psychopaths from high-security psychiatric hospitals in a computer simulation of a social dilemma situation. The psychopaths showed a markedly higher proneness to competitive (i.e., noncooperative) behavior than did healthy adults from the general population. The odds ratio between defection and being a psychopath was estimated at 7.86 in the sample. The probability to choose selfish instead of cooperative behavior was significantly linked to the following subscales of the Psychopathy Personality Inventory-Revised (S. O. Lilienfeld & M. R. Widows, 2005): rebellious nonconformity, Machiavellian egocentricity, and the total score. On average, the psychopathic participants accumulated higher gain and more strongly exploited their counterpart than did the healthy participants. 相似文献
22.
Peter Muris Birgit Mayer Sandra van Eijk Marit van Dongen 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(5):706-713
We examined to what extent children in The Netherlands are affected by the threat of terrorism. For this purpose, a sample
of school children living in Rotterdam or adjacent satellites (N = 216) completed a fear survey that included a number of terrorism-related items, and were confronted with ambiguous vignettes
to measure threat-related interpretation bias. The results demonstrated that although a number of terrorism-related items
(i.e., bombing attacks, explosions in a bus or subway) listed high in a ranking of most intense childhood fears, very few
children made terrorist-related interpretations of ambiguous situations. 相似文献
23.
Elsner B 《Acta psychologica》2007,124(1):44-59
This paper reviews studies on infants' imitation of goal-directed actions in the first two years of life. Special emphasis is given to the role of the two observable components of an action, that is, the movement and the action effects, on infants' replication of target actions. The reviewed studies provide evidence that infants benefit most from a full demonstration of both movements and effects. If movements are demonstrated in isolation, infants may encode this information, but they preferentially reproduce actions that lead to salient effects. If action effects are presented in isolation, infants younger than 19 months usually fail to emulate the unseen movements that would be necessary to produce these effects. Infants' ability to predict action effects or to infer unseen movements from incomplete demonstrations improves substantially at the end of the second year of life. It is concluded that the capability to learn relations between movements and action effects by observation, and the knowledge about movement-effect relations acquired so far, may be important factors underlying the developmental changes in infants' imitation of goal-directed actions. 相似文献
24.
Coelho RW De Campos W Da Silva SG Okazaki FH Keller B 《Perceptual and motor skills》2007,105(2):458-468
To assess use of imagery intervention in performance of two tennis motor skills the quasi-experimental design included a pre- and posttest and a control group. The tennis service shot and service receiving skill were selected as representative of open and closed skills, respectively. 48 subjects, male tennis players, whose ages ranged from 16 to 18 yr. (M = 17.2), were divided into two groups: (1) Technical practice only which was used as control group and (2) Imagery group who received both imagery and technical practice. Analysis of covariance showed a significant main effect for the imagery intervention on the closed skill (p = .002). Findings suggest that imaging a positive outcome may be more powerful in improving performance of closed skill movements than of open skill movements. 相似文献
25.
This paper investigates the role of static and dynamic attributes for the animate-inanimate distinction in category-based reasoning of 7-month-olds. Three experiments tested infants’ responses to movement events involving an unfamiliar animal and a ball. When either the animal or the ball showed self-initiated irregular movements (Experiment 1), infants expected the previously active object to start moving again. When both objects were moving together in an ambiguous motion event (Experiment 2), infants expected only the animal to start moving again. Initial looking preferences for each object did not influence results. When either the facial features of the animal were removed, or its furry body was replaced by a plastic spiral in an ambiguous motion event (Experiment 3), infants formed no clear expectation regarding future movements. Based on this set of findings we conclude that 7-month-olds flexibly combine information about the static and dynamic properties of objects in order to reason about motion events. 相似文献
26.
This study investigated whether boys’ stronger confidence in their intelligence is explained by gender differences in measured intelligence and gender-stereotypical parental perceptions of their children’s intelligence. Verbal, numeric, figural, and reasoning intelligence and corresponding self-ratings were assessed for 496 German 11th and 12th graders (284 girls; age: M?=?16.95). Parents also rated their children’s intelligence (339 parents; 205 mothers; age: M?=?46.66). With and without controlling for intelligence, boys rated their numerical, figural, and reasoning abilities higher than girls. The same pattern appeared in parental intelligence perceptions. Boys even judged themselves as more intelligent controlling for both measured intelligence and parental intelligence estimates. Thus, neither intelligence nor gender-stereotypical parental perceptions totally explains boys’ stronger confidence in their intelligence. 相似文献
27.
Birgit Aust Richard Peter Johannes Siegrist 《International journal of stress management》1997,4(4):297-305
A number of studies documented associations between work stress and elevated morbidity in professional drivers. The model of effort–reward imbalance (ERI) identifies distinct situational and personal characteristcs which elicit chronically stressful experience at work in terms of a mismatch between high costs and low gain. Fifty-four highly stressed male inner-city bus drivers (mean age 49,5 ± 5,3) were recruited to participate in a 12 weeks stress management program based on the ERI model (intervention group (IG) n = 26, control group (CG) n = 28). Intervention included relaxation, coping with anger and excessive work commitment (“high need for control”), management of conflicts with superiors, and recommendations for structural changes at work. After 12 weeks, mean level of “need for control,” a critical, health adverse style of coping with job demands, was significantly reduced in IG vs. CG, and this effect persisted after 3 months. In conclusion, a theory-based worksite stress management program in an occupational risk group is feasible and shows beneficial psychological effects. 相似文献
28.
29.
This study evaluates the horse (Equus caballus) use of human local enhancement cues and reaction to human attention when making feeding decisions. The superior performance
of dogs in observing human states of attention suggests this ability evolved with domestication. However, some species show
an improved ability to read human cues through socialization and training. We observed 60 horses approach a bucket with feed
in a three-way object-choice task when confronted with (a) an unfamiliar or (b) a familiar person in 4 different situations:
(1) squatting behind the bucket, facing the horse (2) standing behind the bucket, facing the horse (3) standing behind the
bucket in a back-turned position, gazing away from the horse and (4) standing a few meters from the bucket in a distant, back-turned
position, again gazing away from the horse. Additionally, postures 1 and 2 were tested both with the person looking permanently
at the horse and with the person alternating their gaze between the horse and the bucket. When the person remained behind
the correct bucket, it was chosen significantly above chance. However, when the test person was turned and distant from the
buckets, the horses’ performance deteriorated. In the turned person situations, the horses approached a familiar person and
walked towards their focus of attention significantly more often than with an unfamiliar person. Additionally, in the squatting
and standing person situations, some horses approached the person before approaching the correct bucket. This happened more
with a familiar person. We therefore conclude that horses can use humans as a local enhancement cue independently of their
body posture or gaze consistency when the persons remain close to the food source and that horses seem to orientate on the
attention of familiar more than of unfamiliar persons. We suggest that socialization and training improve the ability of horses
to read human cues. 相似文献
30.
The present study investigated whether effects of implicit learning (IL) are due to well-learned and explicitly represented parts of the stimulus material ("chunks"). To this purpose, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during an oddball-version of a serial reaction time (RT) task: At unpredictable positions within a 16-item letter sequence, single deviant items replaced an item of the repeatedly presented standard sequence. After acquisition, the "process dissociation procedure" (Jacoby, 1991) was adopted to identify explicitly learned sequence parts for each participant. Acquisition of sequence knowledge was reflected in faster RTs for standard items than for deviant items and in enhanced N2b and P3b components for deviant items. While the ERP effects were obtained for explicitly represented sequence parts only, RT effects were independent of subsequent reproduction performance. These results indicated that (1) ERPs are a valid measure of explicit knowledge, (2) implicit and explicit knowledge coexist in serial RT tasks, and (3) chunking processes play a major role in the acquisition of explicit knowledge about event sequences. 相似文献