Gender differences in irritable bowel syndrome among medical students at Inner Mongolia Medical University,China: a cross-sectional study

There is little epidemiological research on Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in Inner Mongolia, China. Here we investigated the prevalence of IBS and factors associated with IBS in both males and females in Inner Mongolia Medical University by a cross-sectional study. We recruited Inner Mongolia Medical University students residing in campus and asked them to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The prevalence of IBS in each factor we chose in all, male, and female students was determined. We assessed IBS subtypes in male and female students. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the factors associated with IBS in male and female students. The overall prevalence of IBS was 29.5%. The prevalence of IBS in female students was significantly higher than that in male students (31.3% vs. 24.8%, p < .001). Logistic regression results showed that attempting to lose weight and anxiety were both associated with increasing odds of IBS, while exercise was not associated with IBS in either male or female students. In female students, snack consumption and depression were also both associated with increasing odds of IBS. The predominant IBS subtype was the diarrhea-predominant type in both male and female students. Considering the high prevalence of IBS in students and the fact that the factors associated with IBS can be improved by individuals, students should be given adequate education and counseling to improve their mental health and lifestyle, especially female students in higher grades.     

A Descriptive “Snapshot” of Cross‐Racial Supervision in University Counseling Center Internships

Results of a survey of cross‐racial supervision dyads at university counseling centers showed (a) supervisees were more sensitive to cultural/racial issues than were supervisors, (b) supervisors reported making more efforts to address cultural issues than supervisees perceived, and (c) satisfaction with supervision was related to supervisees' self‐disclosure and dyad members' perceived positive attitudes toward each other. Resultados de una encuesta sobre duos de supervisión de diferentes razas en centros de consejería universitarios demostró lo siguiente (a) los supervisados fueron mas sensibles sobre temas culturales o raciales que los supervisores, (b) los supervisores reportaron haber hecho mas esfuerzo para tratar temas culturales que lo que fue percevido por los supervisados, y (c) la satisfaction en la supervisión estuvo relacionada con le nivel de auto‐revelación de los supervisados y la percepción de actitudes positivas hacia el otro.     

一堂有趣的语文课--由《越巫》一文联想到的

巫师巫术,在我国有着悠久的历史,也有着一大批信徒。所以,几千年来,一直流传不衰。即使在文明科学的现代,巫术仍有它的市场。如何看待这种复杂而神奇的现象呢?生活在14世纪的方孝孺,已清楚地认识到巫术妄。并勇敢的揭露了巫术之妄。初三语文课本第     

Experiences of Prejudice,Role Difficulties,and Counseling Self‐Efficacy Among U.S. Racial and Ethnic Minority Supervisees Working With White Supervisors

This study explored supervision experiences in 69 U.S. racial/ethnic minority supervisees working with White supervisors. The results demonstrated that perceived prejudice was associated with role ambiguity and role conflict in supervision, suggesting that supervision may not occur in isolation from trainees' lived experience. Implications for training and research are addressed. Este estudio exploró las experiencias durante la supervisión de 69 estadounidenses pertenecientes a minorías raciales/étnicas trabajando con supervisores Blancos. Los resultados demostraron que el perjuicio observado estaba asociado con la ambigüedad del rol y el conflicto del rol en la supervisión, lo que sugiere que no puede darse una supervisión aislada de la experiencia vital del aprendiz. Se abordan las implicaciones para la formación e investigación.     

汉语常用颜色词的概念结构

采用自然分类和多维标度的方法,研究了汉语常用颜色词的概念结构。结果表明,汉语常用颜色词的语义空间具有按原型分布的特点。常用颜色词的概念结构有3个维度:1.彩色/非彩色;2.暖色/冷色;3.颜色的互补和对比。整个研究表明,颜色认知既受光波的物理属性和人眼的生物特性影响,又受语言和社会文化影响。     

《指空和尚禅要录》研究

《指空和尚禅要录》亦称《指空直指》,简称《禅要录》,是指空弟子汇编的一部指空著述,包括《佛祖传心西天宗派旨要》、《顿入无生大解脱法门指要》两大部分。本文对其研究证实,指空禅学应该还是中国禅学的翻版,无论是就其思想还是形式而言。由此看出,指空虽是一位来自印度的僧人,当其以“禅师”面目出现时,他即已经是一位很中国化的僧人了。     

语言理解的体验观

随着体验哲学和体验认知的蓬勃发展,在语言理解中出现了强调经验作用的新观点,这就是语言理解的体验观。其基本观点是语言根植于知觉和运动,语言理解就是对语言所描述的情境建构心理模拟。这种模拟是以理解者的身体的、情绪的和社会的经验为基础的,因此语言理解实质上是对语言所指代的情境的心理上的经验重演。在语言理解的体验观中,索引假设、浸入式经历者框架和语言的神经理论具有一定的代表性     

Psychosocial Well-being of Children in HIV/AIDS-Affected Families in Southwest China: A Qualitative Study

We investigated the psychosocial well-being of children in HIV/AIDS-affected families in rural China from the child’s and caregiver’s perspectives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among children living in HIV/AIDS-affected families (n = 16), their caregivers (n = 16) and key community informants (n = 5). Our findings showed that all of the children relied heavily on caregivers and peers to gain psychological support. Children’s psychosocial problems included fear, anxiety, grief, and loss of self-esteem and confidence. Stigma towards children existed, including isolation, ignorance and rejection. Our study illustrates that HIV/AIDS has impacted negatively on the psychosocial well-being of children. These findings can be used as preliminary data supporting more researches to profoundly explore the psychosocial impact of HIV/AIDS on children and appropriately indicate the need for interventions.     

Convergent,Discriminant, and Incremental Validities of Person–Environment Fit Scale for Creativity in Predicting Innovative Behavior

This study examined the validity of a 14-item two-factor person–environment fit scale for creativity (PEFSC) to measure the personal and environmental components of creativity. A sample of 2,475 participants completed the PEFSC for evaluating the factor structure. For convergent, discriminant, and incremental validities, a subsample (N = 362) completed the creative self-efficacy scale, support for innovation subscale of the team climate inventory, and innovative behavior measure. Results indicated the two-factor correlated model showed a better goodness of fit than the one-factor model. Measurement invariance of PEFSC was observed across different genders and educational groups. Internal consistency reliabilities were satisfactory (α  ≥  .87). The personal dimension indicated stronger associations with creative self-efficacy than with support for innovation, whereas the environmental dimension was related more closely to support for innovation than to creative self-efficacy. Incremental validity was confirmed by significant and additional explanations from PEFSC in predicting innovative behavior. These results consolidated the application of person–environment fit theoretical framework in creativity research.     

The Benefits of the Learn to Think Program for Preschoolers’ Creativity: An Explorative Study

This paper presents the Learn to Think preschool (LTT-P) program for promoting creativity in preschoolers and reviews its potential benefits. LTT-P was designed within the framework of the successful LTT creativity program for older students and both were developed to fit the Chinese education system. To assess the potential benefits of LTT-P, a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group study was conducted in a preschool in an urban region in the northwest of China, involving 68 middle level and 87 senior level children. The Lines and Circles subtests of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking were used to examine the development of children's creativity on the dimensions fluency, originality, and elaboration between pretest and posttest. The results suggest that the LTT-P program has the potential to promote young children's creative thinking, especially with regard to the aspects of originality and elaboration. The results for fluency are less clear. To the best of our knowledge, LTT-P is the first program, grounded in a structured learning theory and sound curriculum framework, to support children's creativity development in Chinese early childhood education.