中小学生注意转换能力的发展研究

采用任务转换范式考察了108名中小学生的注意转换能力。反应—线索间距和线索—目标间距都分为200ms和2000ms两种水平。结果发现：（1）一般转换条件下,小5学生、初2学生和高2学生的定势选择速度相同,小5学生的定势选择正确性比初2学生和高2学生低;特定转换条件下,短时CTI下小5学生的定势转换速度比初2学生和高2学生慢,长时CTI下小5学生的定势转换速度比初2学生和高2学生快,初2学生的定势转换正确性比高2学生低;（2）一般转换条件下,任务定势重组在任务转换中作用不大,任务定势惯性在任务转换中起作用;特定转换条件下,任务定势重组和任务定势惯性在任务转换中的作用都不大。     

自我监控研究的新进展

自我监控理论是在元认知研究的基础上发展起来的。近年来,自我监控研究成为心理学研究领域中的热点课题之一。该文回顾了自我监控的理论研究以及自我监控学习的应用研究,并提出了对自我监控研究的展望。     

大学生心理压力应对方式特点的研究

本研究采用自编的大学生压力应对方式闯卷,考察了全国各地2007名大学生心理压力应对方式的特点。结果表明：(1)大学生压力应对方式问卷具有良好的内容效度和预测能力,内部一致性和测量稳定性理想;(2)大学生的压力应对方式总体上以心理调节机制为主,自我防御和外部疏导机制使用较少;(3)在压力的应对方式上,大一学生以外部求助、压抑、幻想和调整情绪方式为主,大二、大三学生以自我防御方式和总结经验为主,大四学生则较多采用心理调节机制的方式;(4)女生的应对方式比男生更积极,农村来源的大学生倾向于压抑自己和总结经验,城市来源的学生更喜欢宣泄压力,独生子女的应对方式以消极防御机制居多。     

“他者”:护士职业精神的伦理诉求

护士职业精神是护士从业过程中所表现出的基本从业理念、价值取向、职业人格、职业准则及职业风尚的总和。“他者”是法国近代著名哲学家列维纳斯伦理学的核心概念,具有不同于“我”的绝对差异性、外在性和独特性。护士与患者的关系,一定程度上可以理解为“我”与“他者”的关系。从“他者”伦理视角探讨护士职业“他者”的精神内涵,通过分析临床中护士“他者”意识淡薄的具体表现,提出“他者”意识指导下护士职业精神的培养和提升路径:加强职业素养教育、营造人文护理氛围和深化护患沟通实践。     

多目标追踪任务中不同运动方式非目标的抑制机制

采用多目标追踪范式结合点探测技术的方法, 考察视觉系统对不同运动方式(静止和规则运动)非目标的抑制机制。实验一将部分非目标设置为静止, 考察静止非目标的抑制机制; 实验二将部分非目标设置为规则运动, 以提高任务难度, 考察规则运动非目标的抑制机制。结果发现: (1) 实验一中静止非目标受到抑制, 抑制量与运动非目标没有差异; (2) 实验二中规则运动非目标受到抑制, 抑制量显著小于随机运动非目标; (3)综合两实验发现, 随着任务难度的提高, 只有随机运动非目标的抑制量显著增加, 而静止非目标与规则运动非目标的抑制量差异不显著。最后, 就视觉系统对不同运动方式非目标的抑制机制进行了讨论。     

临床护士组织氛围感知影响因素分析

对临床护士的组织氛围现状及影响因素进行调查分析,揭示护士组织氛围感知处于中等偏上水平.其中社会地位及护患关系感知情况较差;职称与月收入最高的护士组织氛围感知最佳;临时护士组织氛围感知优于在编护士.建议提高护士自身素质、加强护患沟通;善用激励机制;增强管理者“个人权利”.     

体型知觉的准确性及其认知机制

体型知觉的准确性既和一般人群的心理健康水平有关,又对进食障碍的理解、预防和治疗具有重要意义。首先,进食障碍患者可能高估自己的身体,其体型知觉准确度可能受其BMI和症状的影响,并与患者预后相关。其次,通过和对他人体型估计的结果进行对比发现,对自己的体型的高估可能受到对自己身体态度因素的影响。第三,一般人群对自己的体型估计的结果往往不一致,这可能是体型知觉的不同量化方式所致。最后,体型知觉准确性的相关认知机制主要有收缩偏差、视觉适应和序列依赖效应。     

旋转汉字识别的眼动特性

该文以客观眼动测量方法考察了单个旋转汉字的识别和由旋转汉字组成的短文的阅读过程。对心理旋转操作在汉字辨认过程中的作用及其操作对象进行了探讨。     

Context specificity of operant discriminative performance in pigeons: II. Necessary and sufficient conditions

Six experiments were performed to explore the necessary and sufficient conditions for producing context specificity of discriminative operant performance in pigeons. In Experiment 1, pigeons learned a successive discrimination (red S+/blue S−) in two chambers that had a particular odor present and between which they were frequently switched. The birds subsequently learned the reversal (blue S+/ red S−) in one of these chambers with a different odor present. When switched to the alternative chamber, although the odor and the reinforcement contingency were still appropriate to the reversal, performance appropriate to the original discrimination recurred in subjects for which the houselights were on during training and testing but not for those for which the houselights were off. This indicated the importance of visual contextual cues in producing context specificity. Experiment 2 showed that the frequent switching between boxes in initial training was of no consequence, presumably because the apparatus cues were highly salient to the subjects. Experiment 3 showed significantly less context specificity when odor cues were omitted. Experiment 4 showed that simply using a different reinforced stimulus in each phase of training was ineffective in producing context specificity. Experiment 5 showed that the generalization test procedure used in Experiment 4 was sensitive to context specificity when discrimination-reversal training was used with different odors in the two training phases. Experiment 6 replicated the results of Experiment 4, but then showed that when different odors accompanied the two training phases, context specificity was obtained with the single-stimulus paradigm. Thus in both single-stimulus and discrimination-reversal paradigms, redundant odor cues potentiated learning about apparatus cues.     

Individual differences in harm-related moral values are associated with functional integration of large-scale brain networks of emotional regulation

Emotions affects moral judgements, and controlled cognitive processes regulate those emotional responses during moral decision making. However, the neurobiological basis of this interaction is unclear. We used a graph theory measurement called participation coefficient (‘PC’) to quantify the resting-state functional connectivity within and between four meta-analytic groupings (MAGs) associated with emotion generation and regulation, to test whether that measurement predicts individual differences in moral foundations-based values. We found that the PC of one of the MAGs (MAG2) was positively correlated with one of the five recognized moral foundations–the one based on harm avoidance. We also found that increased inter-module connectivity between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and middle temporal gyrus with other nodes in the four MAGs was likewise associated with higher endorsement of the Harm foundation. These results suggest that individuals' sensitivity to harm is associated with functional integration of large-scale brain networks of emotional regulation. These findings add to our knowledge of how individual variations in our moral values could be reflected by intrinsic brain network organization and deepen our understanding of the relationship between emotion and cognition during evaluations of moral values.