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Abstract Improved methods for assessing the interrelationships of the family environment and individuals' patterns of adaptation are needed for clinical and research purposes. To address this need, a typology of family environments based on multidimensional assessments of a representative sample of community families is presented. Seven family types were identified: 1) independence oriented, 2) achievement oriented, 3) moral/religious oriented (structured and unstructured), 4) intellectual/cultural oriented, 5) support oriented, 6) conflict oriented, and 7) disorganized. Differences in environmental stressors and coping resources were examined as mediators of the associations between the family types and family members' levels of functioning. Clinical and research applications of the typology are discussed. 相似文献
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Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Thompson LY Snyder CR Hoffman L Michael ST Rasmussen HN Billings LS Heinze L Neufeld JE Shorey HS Roberts JC Roberts DE 《Journal of personality》2005,73(2):313-360
Six studies regarding forgiveness are presented. The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), a self-report measure of dispositional forgiveness (with subscales to assess forgiveness of self, others, and situations) was developed and demonstrated good psychometric properties. Forgiveness correlated positively with cognitive flexibility, positive affect, and distraction; it correlated negatively with rumination, vengeance, and hostility. Forgiveness predicted four components of psychological well-being (anger, anxiety, depression, and satisfaction with life); forgiveness of situations accounted for unique variance in these components of psychological well-being. Forgiveness and hostility demonstrated equivalent, inverse associations with relationship duration, and forgiveness accounted for unique variance in relationship satisfaction, even when controlling for trust. Forgiveness level correlated positively with decreased negativity in statements written about transgressions in the present versus the past tense. 相似文献
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We attempted to replicate an intervention program by Bornstein and Quevillon (1976), which had shown that the disruptive classroom behavior of Head Start children could be dramatically reduced through self-instructional training. Although the subject population and procedures were quite similar across studies, our self-instructional training did not produce socially significant, durable increases in either appropriate classroom behavior or changes in teacher ratings of the children's behavior. These results suggest that additional variables may have been responsible for Bornstein and Quevillon's success. 相似文献
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Dana W. Moore Rafeeque A. Bhadelia Rebecca L. Billings Carl Fulwiler Kenneth M. Heilman Kenneth M.J. Rood David A. Gansler 《Brain and cognition》2009,70(3):267-272
Background/hypothesis
Divergent thinking is an important measurable component of creativity. This study tested the postulate that divergent thinking depends on large distributed inter- and intra-hemispheric networks. Although preliminary evidence supports increased brain connectivity during divergent thinking, the neural correlates of this characteristic have not been entirely specified. It was predicted that visuospatial divergent thinking would correlate with right hemisphere white matter volume (WMV) and with the size of the corpus callosum (CC).Methods
Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) were completed among 21 normal right-handed adult males.Results
TTCT scores correlated negatively with the size of the CC and were not correlated with right or, incidentally, left WMV.Conclusions
Although these results were not predicted, perhaps, as suggested by Bogen and Bogen (1988), decreased callosal connectivity enhances hemispheric specialization, which benefits the incubation of ideas that are critical for the divergent-thinking component of creativity, and it is the momentary inhibition of this hemispheric independence that accounts for the illumination that is part of the innovative stage of creativity. Alternatively, decreased CC size may reflect more selective developmental pruning, thereby facilitating efficient functional connectivity. 相似文献27.
Monica Biernat Theresa K. Vescio Laura S. Billings 《European journal of social psychology》1999,29(4):523-542
A study of race‐based ingroup and outgroup judgment demonstrates the links between two models of social judgment—the ‘black sheep’ effect (Marques, Yzerbyt & Leyens, 1988) and expectancy‐violation theory (Jussim, Coleman & Lerch, 1987). White participants had a live interaction with a Black or White partner who contributed to a team success or failure at a game. Partner judgments, perceived expectancy violation, and mood changes indicated a pattern of ingroup polarization, though the race differential was reliable only when targets performed poorly. Consistent with other research, this pattern was most striking among Whites who were highly identified with their racial group. We suggest that racial identification activates favorable within‐group judgment standards which, when violated, produce mood decrements and negative evaluations. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Coping and physical health during caregiving: the roles of positive and negative affect 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Billings DW Folkman S Acree M Moskowitz JT 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2000,79(1):131-142
The associations among coping, mood, and health variables were examined prospectively over 2 years in 86 HIV positive (HIV+) and 167 HIV negative (HIV-) gay men undergoing the stress of AIDS-related caregiving. Path models suggested that including both positive and negative mood and the men's associated coping strategies increases understanding of why some people suffer adverse health effects during times of stress. Among the HIV- caregivers, higher levels of social coping predicted increases in positive affect, which in turn resulted in lower levels of physical symptoms. In contrast, higher levels of cognitive avoidance predicted increases in negative affect, which in turn resulted in higher levels of physical symptoms. Self-injurious forms of avoidance coping predicted higher levels of physical symptoms independent of mood among the HIV+ caregivers. 相似文献
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Denise Daniels Rudolf H. Moos Andrew G. Billings John J. Miller III 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1987,15(2):295-308
Psychosocial risk and resistance factors within the domains of parental functioning, family Stressors, and family resources were examined as predictors of psychological adjustment and physical problems in juvenile rheumatic disease patients (N=93), their healthy siblings (N=72), and demographically matched healthy controls (N=93). Family socioeconomic status and background variables showed few consistent relationships with child functioning. However, a constellation of risk and resistance factors tended to show comparable associations with functioning for patients, siblings, and controls. Higher parental depression and medical symptoms and more family Stressors, sibling problems, and burden of illness on the family predicted more problems among the patients. These relationships held when disease duration and severity were controlled. For the siblings, increased parental and patient dysfunction, more family Stressors, and less family cohesion and expressiveness were associated with more problems. Although the associations were not as strong, mothers' depression and lack of family cohesion and expressiveness also were related to more adjustment problems among the control children. These findings imply that there may be a general association between certain risk and resistance factors and childhood adaptation.This research was supported in part by NIH Multipurpose Arthritis Center Grant AM20610, NIMH Grant MH16744, and Veterans Administration Medical and Health Services Research and Development Service Research funds. Jan Gottlieb provided valuable help in all phases of the research. We appreciate the help of the staff of the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic at Children's Hospital at Stanford and the families who participated in this study. 相似文献