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991.
This study investigates the nonwords produced by a jargon speaker, LT. Despite presenting with severe neologistic jargon, LT can produce discrete responses in picture naming tasks thus allowing the properties of his jargon to be investigated. This ability was exploited in two naming tasks. The first showed that LT's nonword errors are related to their targets despite being generally unrecognizable. This relatedness appears to be a general property of his errors suggesting that they are produced by lexical rather than nonlexical means. The second naming task used a set of stimuli controlled for their phonemic content. This allowed an investigation of target phonology at the level of individual phonemes. Nonword responses maintained the English distribution of consonants and showed a significant relationship to the target phonologies. A strong influence of phoneme frequency was identified. High frequency consonants showed a pattern of frequent but indiscriminate use. Low frequency consonants were realised less often but were largely restricted to target related contexts rarely appearing as error phonology. The findings are explained within a lexical activation network with the proposal that the resting levels of phoneme nodes are frequency sensitive. Predictions for the recovery of jargon aphasia and suggestions for future investigations are made. 相似文献
992.
Britta?Davis?Dinsmore Elizabeth?A.?StormshakEmail author 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2003,22(2):100-116
The relation between perceived family functioning, intra-personal competence, and eating attitudes and behaviors was examined
in a sample of at-risk, ethnically diverse, early adolescents. Both family functioning and intra-personal competencies were
related to eating attitudes and behavior. However, adolescent intra-personal competence, defined as self-control, negative,
and positive coping, mediated the relationship between family functioning and eating attitudes and behaviors. Results suggest
that by early adolescence, important aspects of family environment have consolidated into individual differences in competence
and/or personality. Results are discussed within a developmental framework emphasizing the influence of the family on adolescent
psychosocial development. The implications of these data for prevention and intervention with at-risk adolescent girls are
also discussed.
This work was supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse, NIH, under Grant DA 07031, to Thomas J. Dishion. Appreciation
is expressed to the parents and adolescents who participated in this study, as well as the staff at the Project Alliance office
in Portland. 相似文献
993.
994.
This investigation tests an elaborated form of Omoto and Snyder's volunteer process model, which explains how the helping behavior of volunteers is influenced by antecedent factors and by subjective experiences while volunteering. Two-hundred-thirty-eight community volunteers from nine different organizations were recruited at the time of initial orientation and completed measures of personality and motivation. They were contacted at four times during their first year of volunteering and queried regarding their emotional reactions (sympathy, distress), satisfaction, and degree to which their motivations for volunteering were being fulfilled. Consistent with the elaborated model, feelings of sympathy, distress, and motive fulfillment were substantially predicted by antecedent factors, and satisfaction with the volunteer work was substantially predicted by these subjective experiences. Also consistent with the elaborated model, volunteer involvement (hours per week volunteered) was predicted by satisfaction, although volunteer persistence over time was not. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
995.
25 undergraduate listeners judged that a male speaker with normal speech, who dentalized (lisped) or devoiced the /z/ phoneme in the context of a sentence, sounded significantly more "gay" in terms of judged sexual orientation than did the same speaker producing /z/ without phonological processes. Speech-language pathologists should be aware of possible social consequences of speech production disorders. 相似文献
996.
The purpose of the study was to assess medical journals’ conflicts of interest in the publication of book reviews. We examined
book reviews published in 1999, 2000, and 2001 (N=1,876) in five leading medical journals: Annals of Internal Medicine, British Medical Journal (BMJ), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Lancet, and New England Journal of Medicine. The main outcome measure was journal publication of reviews of books that had been published by the journal’s own publisher,
that had been edited or authored by a lead editor of the journal, or that posed another conflict of interest. We also surveyed
the editors-in-chief of the five journals about their policies on these conflicts of interests. During the study period, four
of the five journals published 30 book reviews presenting a conflict of interest: nineteen by the BMJ, five by the Annals, four by JAMA, and two by the Lancet. These reviews represent 5.8%, 2.7%, 0.7%, and 0.7%, respectively, of all book reviews published by the journals. These four
journals, respectively, published reviews of 11.9%, 25.0%, 0.9%, and 1.0% of all medical books published by the journals’
publishers. Only one of the 30 book reviews included a disclosure statement addressing the conflict of interest. None of the
journals had a written policy pertaining to the conflicts of interest assessed in this study, although four reported having
unwritten policies. We recommend that scientific journals and associations representing journal editors develop policies on
conflicts of interest pertaining to book reviews.
Disclosure: R.M. Davis was North American editor of the BMJ from 1998 to 2001, and is a member of the Board of Trustees of the American Medical Association, which publishes JAMA. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of any organization
with which the authors have been affiliated. 相似文献
997.
Edwards DW Dahmen BA Wanlass RL Holmquist LA Wicks JJ Davis C Morrison TL 《Assessment》2003,10(3):222-227
Three established methods of neurocorrection claim to improve Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)/MMPI-2 validity with closed-head injury (CHI) patients. These methods (which suggest removing "neurological" items from scoring) were employed here comparing 35 CHI patients with 35 psychiatric patients with elevated profiles. The 14-item correction changed 2-point codes for 41% of CHI and 31% of psychiatric profiles, the 30-item system changed 77% of CHI and 71% of psychiatric profiles, whereas the 37-item system changed 80% of CHI and 71% of psychiatric profiles. There were no significant differences between the two groups in number of profiles changed or number of neurocorrective items endorsed. Using each of the three correction systems, the following percentage of profiles remained elevated: 99%, 87%, and 89%, respectively. 相似文献
998.
999.
Pelphrey KA Reznick JS Davis Goldman B Sasson N Morrow J Donahoe A Hodgson K 《Developmental psychology》2004,40(5):836-851
Eighty 5.5- to 12.5-month-old infants participated in 4 delayed-response procedures challenging shortterm visuospatial memory (STVM), 2 that varied the time between presentation and search and 2 that varied the number of locations. Within each type of challenge, 1 task required a gaze response and 1 required a reach response. There was little improvement in STVM performance from 5.5 to 8 months and linear improvement in the percentage correct from 8 to 12 months, with overall STVM performance accounting for 66% of the variance in age. Improvement in searching multiple locations lagged behind improvement in spanning longer delays. Memory scores did not vary for the visual and manual tasks. Perseveration was greatest for reach responses, increased with challenge, and decreased with age. ((c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
1000.
Davis PK Young A Cherry H Dahman D Rehfeldt RA 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2004,37(4):531-534
A multielement design was used to compare the effects of three treatments on the happiness of 3 individuals with profound multiple disabilities. The conditions were typical programming using materials selected by staff, presentation of preferred materials plus social interaction, and social interaction alone with no materials present. Both the presentation of the preferred items with social interaction and social interaction alone resulted in higher happiness indicators than typical programming. The combination of preferred items and social interactions was somewhat superior to social interaction alone. 相似文献