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101.
Richard M. Ryckman Bart van den Borne Bill Thornton Joel A. Gold 《Journal of applied social psychology》2005,35(11):2421-2435
This research identifies major personal values among American university students that predict organ-donation registration with the Department of Motor Vehicles. Participants responded to a factual test of their knowledge about organ donation, indicated whether or not they had registered as posthumous donors, and filled out a personality inventory measuring their personal values (Schwartz, 1992, 1994). The data indicated a high level of factual knowledge about organ donation; and the greater the level of knowledge, the more likely participants were registered to donate their organs. Also, participants higher in benevolence, universalism, achievement, and stimulation were more likely to have registered to donate their organs. The results are discussed in terms of the need to develop more effective health-communication campaigns by using specific health-education messages tailored to students majoring in different disciplines or to people in various occupations as a means of increasing their willingness to donate. 相似文献
102.
Genetic counselors frequently counsel clients whose first language is not English, relying on interpreters and on supplementary translated written material. This paper highlights factors that counselors need to consider before using or commissioning translated leaflets. It is based on an assessment of leaflets translated into Urdu, the national language of Pakistan, which are available through U.K. genetics clinics for use with Pakistani-origin clients. The 2 authors, who know Urdu as their 2nd and 1st languages respectively, independently read each leaflet, checking for accuracy of information, ease of reading and understanding, cultural sensitivity, and contact details for Urdu-speaking professionals. There were factual errors and confusing or very difficult text in all leaflets; some leaflets also contained culturally insensitive messages that could alienate users of genetics services. The paper discusses the reasons for these pitfalls and makes recommendations to guide the future production of translated genetics leaflets. 相似文献
103.
104.
Adults believe that plagiarizing ideas is wrong, which requires an understanding that others can have ideas and that it is wrong to copy them. In order to test when this understanding emerges, we investigated when children begin to think plagiarism is wrong. In Study 1, children aged 7, 9 and 11 years old, as well as adults, disliked someone who plagiarized compared to someone who drew an original drawing or someone who drew an identical picture by chance. Study 2 investigated the same question with younger children, focusing on children aged 3–6 years old. Children aged 5–6 years old evaluated plagiarizers negatively relative to unique drawers, but 3–4-year-olds did not. Study 3 replicated the findings from Study 2 and found that children justify their negative evaluations of plagiarizers by mentioning concerns over copying. These experiments provide evidence that, by age 5 years old, children understand that others have ideas and dislike the copying of these ideas. 相似文献
105.
Shaw JD Zhu J Duffy MK Scott KL Shih HA Susanto E 《The Journal of applied psychology》2011,96(2):391-400
The authors develop and test theoretical extensions of the relationships of task conflict, relationship conflict, and 2 dimensions of team effectiveness (performance and team-member satisfaction) among 2 samples of work teams in Taiwan and Indonesia. Findings show that relationship conflict moderates the task conflict-team performance relationship. Specifically, the relationship is curvilinear in the shape of an inverted U when relationship conflict is low, but the relationship is linear and negative when relationship conflict is high. The results for team-member satisfaction are more equivocal, but the findings provide some evidence that relationship conflict exacerbates the negative relationship between task conflict and team-member satisfaction. 相似文献
106.
Matthew J. Sharps Elaine Newborg Stephanie Van Arsdall Jordan DeRuiter Bill Hayward Brianna Alcantar 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(4):320-327
Many people who report paranormal sightings (e.g., Bigfoot and UFO aliens) are apparently sincere. This places many such sightings
in the category of eyewitness errors, rather than of deliberate deception. Recent research has supported this idea; in an
earlier paper, we demonstrated that paranormal beliefs are facilitated by tendencies toward attention deficit hyperactive
disorder, dissociation, and depression. These characteristics predicted specific patterns of beliefs in several paranormal
phenomena. The present research addressed the question of whether such psychological tendencies would tend to create bias
in perception and interpretation as well as in belief- in whether a person’s identification of a given stimulus as paranormal
in nature would be influenced by the same factors previously demonstrated to influence paranormal beliefs. This hypothesis
was supported. Specifically, those with dissociative tendencies were significantly more likely to identify given stimulus
items as paranormal in nature than were those with lower dissociation scores. Dissociation was further shown to be related
to paranormal beliefs, consistent with earlier findings. Results are discussed in terms of the reconfigurative dynamics known
to operate in areas of human cognition such as eyewitness identification, and in terms of the generality of those effects
to the realm of paranormal sightings. 相似文献
107.
108.
A questionnaire about how academic performance is evaluated and the importance of teaching and research was completed by 265 faculty at a UK research university. Factor analysis followed by t-tests showed that male faculty had a more realistic understanding of how their research is evaluated, rate the importance of research to their careers more highly, and are more likely than women to work over hours through choice. Women faculty are more likely than men to work over hours because of teaching workload and rate the importance of a teaching qualification more highly, despite giving similar ratings as men to the importance of teaching to their career. The implications for differential rates of promotion are discussed. 相似文献
109.
Connell A Bullock BM Dishion TJ Shaw D Wilson M Gardner F 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1211-1225
This study used latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine changes in early emotional and behavioral problems in children
age 2 to 4 years resulting from participation in a family-centered intervention. A sample of 731 economically disadvantaged
families was recruited from among participants in a national food supplement and nutrition program. Families with toddlers
between age 2 and 3 were randomized either to the Family Check-Up (FCU) or to a nonintervention control group. The FCU’s linked
interventions were tailored to each family’s needs. Assessments occurred at age 2, 3, and 4. The FCU followed age 2 and age
3 assessments. Latent class analyses were conducted on mother reports of behavior and emotional problems from age 2 to 4 to
study transitions among the following four groups: (a) externalizing only, (b) internalizing only, (c) comorbid internalizing
and externalizing, and (d) normative. LTA results revealed that participation in the FCU increased the likelihood of transitioning
from either the comorbid or the internalizing class into the normative class by age 4. These results suggest family interventions
in early childhood can potentially disrupt the early emergence of both emotional and behavioral problems. 相似文献
110.
The present study examined relations among maternal psychological resources, rejecting parenting, and early adolescent antisocial
behavior in a sample of 231 low-income mothers and their sons with longitudinal assessments from age 18 months to 12 years.
The maternal resources examined were age at first birth, aggressive personality, and empathy. Each of the maternal resources
predicted rejecting parenting during early childhood in structural equation models that controlled for toddler difficult temperament,
and rejecting parenting in early childhood predicted antisocial behavior in early adolescence. Rejecting parenting accounted
for the indirect effect of each of the maternal resources on antisocial behavior, but a direct effect was also supported between
maternal aggressive personality and youth antisocial behavior. Results highlight the importance of these relatively understudied
maternal resources and have implications for prevention and intervention programs that focus on parenting during early childhood. 相似文献