THE FREQUENCY OF REISS SCREEN DIAGNOSES IN A COMMUNITY SAMPLE OF ADULTS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION

One hundred and eighty adults with mental retardation who were actively using community services were assessed with the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior (Reiss, 1988). The proportion of persons exceeding the cutoff on the 26-item total was 49%. The proportions of persons exceeding cut-off on the eight scales ranged from 8.4% (Avoidant Personality Disorder) to 19.4% (Aggressive Behavior). Multiple diagnoses were found in 27% of subjects. There were no associations with age but a small number of gender differences were observed.     

Global obligations,collective capacities,and ‘ought implies can’

Philosophical Studies - It is sometimes argued that non-agent collectives, including what one might call the ‘global collective’ consisting of the world’s population taken as a...     

Pride and punishment: Entitled people's self‐promoting values motivate hierarchy‐restoring retribution

What is the purpose of punishment? The current research shows that for entitled people—those with inflated self‐worth—justice is about maintaining societal hierarchies. Entitled people more strongly hold self‐enhancing values (power and achievement; Studies 1 and 3). They are also more likely, when thinking about justice for offenders, to adopt a hierarchy‐based justice orientation: Perceptions that crime threatens hierarchies, motives to restore those hierarchies, and support for retribution (Studies 2 and 3). Further, the relationship of entitlement to justice orientation is mediated by self‐enhancing values when entitlement is measured (Study 3) and manipulated (Studies 4, 5 and 6). Together these studies suggest that entitlement—and the resultant preoccupation with one's status—facilitates a view of justice as a hierarchy‐based transaction: one where criminal offenders and their victims exchange power and status. These findings reveal the self‐enhancing and hierarchy‐focused nature of entitlement, as well as the roots of retribution in concerns about status, power, and hierarchies.     

Modalities of memory: Is reading lips like hearing voices?

Functional similarities in verbal memory performance across presentation modalities (written, heard, lipread) are often taken to point to a common underlying representational form upon which the modalities converge. We show here instead that the pattern of performance depends critically on presentation modality and different mechanisms give rise to superficially similar effects across modalities. Lipread recency is underpinned by different mechanisms to auditory recency, and while the effect of an auditory suffix on an auditory list is due to the perceptual grouping of the suffix with the list, the corresponding effect with lipread speech is due to misidentification of the lexical content of the lipread suffix. Further, while a lipread suffix does not disrupt auditory recency, an auditory suffix does disrupt recency for lipread lists. However, this effect is due to attentional capture ensuing from the presentation of an unexpected auditory event, and is evident both with verbal and nonverbal auditory suffixes. These findings add to a growing body of evidence that short-term verbal memory performance is determined by modality-specific perceptual and motor processes, rather than by the storage and manipulation of phonological representations.     

The Susceptibility of the Rorschach to Malingering: A Critical Review

Empirical studies of malingering on the Rorschach are reviewed. Results from these studies are to this point inconsistent and inconclusive. Although several indices are related to malingering in individual studies, no specific malingering pattern has been found that replicates across studies. A methodological problem specific to this literature is discussed and future research designs are recommended.     

Alexithymia Among Empirically Derived Subgroups of Chronic Back Pain Patients

A seeded duster analysis procedure was applied to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 102 male and 63 female back-pain patients. For both men and women, the resulting subgroups were found to correspond closely to similar subgroups obtained in several previous investigations. New data on the psychometric properties of the MMPI Alexithymia scales (Kleiger & Kinsman, 1980) are presented. Significant differences in alexithymia among empirically derived MMPI subgroups were found in the male sample only.     

Trying But Failing: Implicit Attitude Transfer Is Not Eliminated by Overt or Subtle Objectivity Manipulations

People with mental illness experience discrimination, paternalistic treatment, and avoidance. To facilitate assessment of such experiences, the authors developed the Multifaceted Stigma Experiences Scale. It assesses four dimensions of experienced stigma in interpersonal interaction: hostile discrimination, benevolent discrimination, taboo, and denial. The influence of stigma experiences on mental health was modeled in a two-wave panel with persons with mental illness (N = 367, 79% repeated response rate). Results indicate that both subtle and blatant forms of stigma constitute a barrier to recovery and may be interpreted as attempts to increase social distance and reinforce the existing social order.