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81.
82.
The multiple-baseline across responses design was used to assess the effectiveness of a belief-modification treatment package to alter the intensity of three delusional beliefs of a chronically mentally ill inpatient. Results revealed reductions in belief intensity to zero levels for all three beliefs. Generalization effects were obtained for an individualized interview and psychiatric rating scale. These results were maintained through a 6-month follow-up period. 相似文献
83.
Lawson C 《Ethics & behavior》1995,5(3):205-215
In this article, I present a contractualist conception of human-participant research ethics, arguing that the most appropriate source of the rights and responsibilities of researcher and participant is the contractual understanding between them. This conception appears to explain many of the more fundamental ethical incidents of human-participant research. I argue that a system of contractual rights and responsibilities would allow a great deal of research that has often been felt to be ethically problematic, such as research involving deception, concealed research, and research on dependent populations. However, in defining the conditions under which such research should be permissible, my contractualist theory also makes it clear that there are limits -- and explains what those limits are -- to the propriety of such research. 相似文献
84.
Bill Law 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1990,18(2):201-208
A notion as pervasive and much-used as 'enterprise' will, inevitably, have done harm as well as good. The core concepts in the notion are explored, and examples are examined of how they have been put to teachers and counsellors in careers education and guidance work. While the libertarian text of education for enterprise may be unacceptable to many, the struggle to deal with it has forced a realisation of its more valuable subtext. This illustrates how 'education for enterprise', or any other change, cannot be implemented without paying attention to the organisation and management of change as well as to its intended outcomes, and how this process may have its own sometimes more beneficial effects. 相似文献
85.
S Handel M S Weaver G Lawson 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1983,9(4):637-651
Three experiments investigated the role of temporal grouping on auditory stream segregation. For sounds that formed frequency streams (e.g., 400 Hz, 500 Hz, 1600 Hz, and 2000 Hz), the effect of rhythm was minimal. Temporal grouping did not affect judgments of stream segregation and did not affect difficulty of sequence identification. In contrast, for sounds that tended to form one coherent sequence (e.g., 750 Hz, 1500 Hz, 3000 Hz, and 6000 Hz), temporal grouping affected judgments of stream segregation as well as difficulty of identification. The temporal grouping could space the three lower or three higher pitch tones equally in time and this induced isochronous stream segregation. Subjects could not interleave the resulting streams, and identification became far more difficult. The role of rhythmic grouping is therefore contextual, depending on the relationships between the elements as well as the order of the elements. 相似文献
86.
James C. Griffin Bill J. Locke William F. Landers 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1975,8(4):458-458
The self-injurious behavior (SIB) of a blind, profoundly retarded male was observed within a field setting as multiple forms of punishment were applied. The effects of hair-tug punishment were first systematically examined, then hair-tug and electric shock punishment were administered in varing ratios (of punishment deliveries per SIB response) supplemented by continuous restraint contingencies and made contingent on recurrent antecedents of SIB cycles. Treatments were applied over six months of consecutive daily sessions ranging from 30 min to 8 hr duration. Posttreatment followup observations were taken 12, 24, and 34 months after treatment. Partial suppression was produced as a direct function of hair-tug punishment in the initial phase. A generally progressive decrement was produced on already lowered SIB rates with the succeeding components of the treatment package. Extended periods of total SIB suppression occurred as punishment was rendered contingent on antecedent components of each SIB response cycle. Followup observations of nearly 3 yr duration indicated total suppression generalized over all settings in which the subject functioned. The findings were related to the contrasting limits prevailing in most reports of punishment-based SIB suppression. 相似文献
87.
Albert Bandura Bill Underwood Michael E. Fromson 《Journal of research in personality》1975,9(4):253-269
The present study tested derivations from social learning theory on the disinhibition of aggression through processes that weaken self-deterring consequences to injurious conduct. Subjects were provided with opportunities to behave punitively under diffused or personalized responsibility toward groups that were characterized in either humanized, neutral, or dehumanized terms. Both dehumanization and lessened personal responsibility enhanced aggressiveness, with dehumanization serving as the more potent disinhibitor. Escalation of aggression under conditions of dehumanization was especially marked when punitiveness was dysfunctional in effecting desired changes. The uniformly low level of aggression directed toward humanized groups, regardless of variations in responsibility and instrumentality of the conduct, attested to the power of humanization to counteract punitiveness. Results of supplementary measures are consistent with the postulated relationship between self-disinhibiting processes and punitiveness. Dehumanization fostered self-absolving justifications that were in turn associated with increased punitiveness. Findings on the internal concomitants of behavior performed under different levels of responsibility suggest that reducing personal responsibility heightens aggressiveness more through social than personal sources of disinhibition. 相似文献
88.
The stereoscopic depth separation between the bisecting rectangle and the oblique line of a Poggendorf configuration was manipulated by varying the direction and magnitude of disparity carried by the rectangle. Based upon data of 6 subjects, the magnitude of the illusion decreased with increasing depth separation regardless of the direction of disparity. Depth separation varied directly with disparity. These findings make plain that depth adjacency can operate symmetrically in stereoscopic space. 相似文献
89.
An investigation of sex differences in same-sex friendships was conducted in terms of the intersection and social penetration model of relationship development, and Bem's theory of sex role orientation. The results indicated that there were significant sex differences in the nature of the same-sex friendships studied. In the terminology of Levinger's (Toward the Analysis of Close Relationships, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1980, 16, 510–544) intersection model, female same-sex friendships indicated greater involvement. In the terminology of Altman and Taylor's (Social Penetration: The Development of Interpersonal Relationships, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973) social penetration model, female friendships demonstrated greater depth. Overall, the female friendships were of longer duration than those of the males. The differences in involvement and depth were found within each designated level of friendship (causal, good, and close). However, the difference in involvement was moderated by the sex role orientation of the participants, in that the sex difference was greater between sex-typed individuals than between androgynous individuals. An examination of questionnaire subscale intercorrelations indicated that females tended to seek friends to whom they could relate in many different areas, while males tended to develop different relationships to meet different needs. 相似文献
90.
Bill Flatt Ed.D. 《Journal of religion and health》1987,26(2):143-148
Does grief progress through stages? Do all people go through the same experiences? What health considerations are present in each grief experience? Does religion help? Although all people do not go through the same stages nor do they progress at the same rate, many people do go through such stages as the following: shock, lamentations, withdrawal, frustration, panic, depression, detachment, adaptation, reinvestment, and growth. There is often an interaction in these stages between stress and physical symptoms, and many grievers report that religion gives a good philosophical arean in which to work through their grief. 相似文献