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191.
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193.
The debate on the use or nonuse of policy evaluation frequently starts from the normative assumption that is a rational and
rewarding activity for governments to pursue. Failure to use evaluation is assumed to indicate political and organizational
inefficiencies and weaknesses that can, and should, be corrected. This article argues that this is too simplistic an assumption
that abstracts evaluation from the political and social context in which it is developed and utilized. In particular, the
way that governments develop and use evaluation is conditioned, first by the macroeconomic climate in which they operate and
second, by the ways they choose to respond to this and by the microeconomics of the budgetary process. These issues are explored
in the context of recent developments in British central government. here a tight fiscal policy and a concern with administrative
costs have led to move from top-down rational systems of evaluation to more pragmatic, bottom-up concerns with performance
measures and performance indicators. It is concluded that policy evaluation is unlikely to regain and enhance its credibility
unless a reshaping of administrative structures and processes take place.
Andrew Gray and Bill Jenkins are respectively senior lecturer in adminiistrative studies and senior lecturer in interdisciplinary
studies at the University of Kent at Canterbury, England. They have worked for a number of years on the development of management
reforms in the UK government and have recently been involved in a research project on the evolution of the Financial Management
Initiative (FMI) in British central government departments. Their publications includeAdministrative Politics in British Govenment (Wheatsheaf Books, 1985) and articles in such journals asFinancial Accountability and Management, Public Administration, andPublic Money and Management. 相似文献
194.
Collective Obligations: Their Existence,Their Explanatory Power,and Their Supervenience on the Obligations of Individuals
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Bill Wringe 《European Journal of Philosophy》2016,24(2):472-497
In this paper I discuss a number of different relationships between two kinds of (moral) obligation: those which have individuals as their subject, and those which have groups of individuals as their subject. I use the name collective obligations to refer to obligations of the second sort. I argue that there are collective obligations, in this sense; that such obligations can give rise to and explain obligations which fall on individuals; that because of these facts collective obligations are not simply reducible to individual obligations; and that collective obligations supervene on individual obligations, without being reducible to them. The sort of supervenience I have in mind here is what is sometimes called ‘global supervenience’. In other words, there cannot be two worlds which differ in respect of the collective obligations which exist in them without also differing in respect of the individual obligations which exist in them. 相似文献
195.
Rodney A. Cavanaugh William L. Heward Fred Donelson 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1996,29(3):403-406
This study evaluated the effects of two review techniques on secondary students' recall of science lesson content: (a) an active review condition in which students used response cards to answer questions, and (b) a passive review condition in which students looked and listened while the teacher projected and read key lesson points. Scores on next-day and weekly tests were higher on lesson content reviewed with response cards. 相似文献
196.
Cavanaugh John C. Kinney Jennifer M. Dunn Nancy Jo McGuire Lisa C. Nocera Romy 《Journal of Adult Development》1994,1(1):27-36
Thirty spousal caregivers and their partners (who had been diagnosed as having primary degenerative dementia) jointly performed four cognitive tasks: Block Design (from the WAIS-R), the Token Test, and two memory tasks. Two of the tasks were unstructured, and two were structured. Caregivers served as the instructor on all tasks. Interactions were videotaped. Results showed that caregivers provided appropriate verbal instructions to a greater extent on the unstructured nonverbal task (Block Design) than on the unstructured memory task. Results are discussed in terms of implications for dyadic cognition research and intervention in dementia. 相似文献
197.
Bill Law 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1977,5(2):129-148
A survey of the American and British literature on counselling is used to elaborate an hypothesis concerning the importance in the minds of counsellors of the organisational as well as the interpersonal relationships they make. The hypothesis is tested and confirmed by a questionnaire enquiry to counsellors, pastoral care staff, guidance staff and others in British secondary schools. It leads to an elaboration in organisational terms of the notion of 'directiveness'. 相似文献
198.
199.
Bill Jones 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1982,32(5):423-433
In four experiments, right-handed subjects were asked to identify uppercase letters presented tachistoscopically in the right (R) or left (L) visual field or in both visual fields simultaneously (RL). When R, L, and RL trials were randomized together and RL trials consisted of the same letter in each visual field (Experiments 1 and 2), 11 of 21 male subjects (Experiment 1) and 9 of 18 female subjects (Experiment 2) showed a strong left-visual-field advantage, and the remainder in each experiment showed an equivalently strong right-visual-field advantage. When the RL trials consisted of a different letter in the two visual fields (Experiment 3), a consistent right-visual-field advantage was observed. It is argued that these results reflect predominantly analytical (left-hemisphere) processing of “different” pairs and relatively holistic processing of “same” pairs, which induces a shift toward a right-hemisphere advantage in some subjects. The main purpose of three of the four experiments was to test five probability models of hemispheric integration: (1) statistical summation, which assumes that the hemispheres operate independently; (2) redundancy, which assumes that RL decisions reflect only processing by the more specialized hemisphere; (3) complete dependency, according to which RL decisions are the mean of Rand L decisions; (4) integration, which assumes that R and L decisions can be represented as vectors in a joint RL space; (5) correlation, according to which the Rand L decisions are assumed to be statistically dependent. Whether R, L, and RL trials were randomized together or RL trials were presented in separate blocks, models 1 and 4 could be clearly rejected. In general, the best predictor of RL performance was model 5. It is argued that the hemispheres function as an integrated system in letter identification. 相似文献
200.
Reid Lyon Susan Reitta Bill Watson Bruce Porch John Rhodes 《Journal of School Psychology》1981,19(2):152-166
A battery of eight linguistic and perceptual tests chosen because of their use in previous research and in the public schools was administered to 100 school-verified verified learning disabled readers (LDR) and 50 normal readers (NR) matched for age and IQ. Standard scores, derived from a comparison of each LDR child's score with the NR group's performance on each diagnostic measure, were cluster analyzed to identify subgroups within the LDR group. Six LDR subgroups were found. Multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis indicated that all LDR subgroups were significantly different from one another as well as significantly different from the NR group's performance on the diagnostic battery. In addition, significant differences were found among the six LDR subgroups on measures of oral reading, reading comprehension, and spelling skills. However, the six groups did not differ with respect to family history variables and the attainment of developmental milestones. These results were compared with those of previous studies and were examined for their implications for a more precise match between LDR learner characteristics and type of teaching method and/or materials. 相似文献