Chinese-English biliteracy acquisition: cross-language and writing system transfer

This study investigated cross-language and writing system relationship in biliteracy acquisition of children learning to read two different writing systems-Chinese and English. Forty-six Mandarin-speaking children were tested for their first language (Chinese-L1) and second language (English-L2) reading skills. Comparable experiments in Chinese and English were designed focusing on two reading processes-phonological and orthographic processing. Word reading skills in both writing systems were tested. Results revealed that Chinese onset matching skill was significantly correlated with English onset and rime matching skills. Pinyin, an alphabetic phonetic system used to assist children in learning to read Chinese characters, was highly correlated with English pseudoword reading. Furthermore, Chinese tone processing skill contributed a moderate but significant amount of variance in predicting English pseudoword reading even when English phonemic-level processing skill was taken into consideration. Orthographic processing skill in the two writing systems, on the other hand, did not predict each other's word reading. These findings suggest that bilingual reading acquisition is a joint function of shared phonological processes and orthographic specific skills.     

Enhanced uniform elongation by pre-straining with deformation twinning in high-strength β-titanium alloys with an isothermal ω-phase

It is shown that pre-straining with deformation twinning is a novel approach to enhancing the uniform elongation of a high-strength β-type Ti–15Mo alloy (mass%) with isothermal ω-phase precipitation. Pre-existent mechanical {3?3?2}?1?1?3? twins hinder the early onset of plastic instability (necking) after yielding, which is often caused by the presence of the isothermal ω-phase, and enhance the uniform elongation markedly from 0% to 13% at a yield strength level of 900?MPa.     

Evolutionary Pluralism: A New System of Systems Philosophy

When Darwin wrote his ‘On the origin of species…” (1859) he focused on evolution as a property of living organisms in interaction with abiotic and biotic elements in the world. This viewpoint is still dominant amongst biologists. For particle physicists and cosmologists evolution refers to a larger scale, ranging from quarks and atoms to galaxies, stars and planets (i.e. Pagels 1985, Hawking 1988). To close the gap between such different viewpoints, a wide range of perspectives on an interdisciplinary understanding of system development has been published (i.e. Teilhard de Chardin 1966, von Bertalanffy 1968, Varela 1979, Prigogine and Stengers 1984, Laszlo 1996). As an integrative concept, the construction of nature from a hierarchy of system layers forms a central tenet in general system research and the stepwise construction of this layered hierarchy can be regarded as an interdisciplinary evolution theory. Surprisingly, the literature offers no unequivocal rules to recognise a multilayer hierarchy in nature. This presents an obstacle for interdisciplinary approaches to evolution.

Searching a solution to part of the above hierarchy problem, the present paper is dedicated to the analysis of a special kind of layering in natural systems, which is based on transitions between ‘building block’ systems. To identify these building blocks, and the transitions from building block x at level A, to building block y at level B, the focus of this study is further limited to ‘hypercydic dynamics’ and ‘containment’. On the basis of these criteria, a hierarchy is created which shows no possibilities for ‘bypasses’. It connects hadrons to atoms, atoms to cells, and cells to neural networks. Implications of this hierarchy for system studies and evolution are discussed.     

Knowing when to seek anger: Psychological health and context-sensitive emotional preferences

According to hedonic approaches to psychological health, healthy individuals should pursue pleasant and avoid unpleasant emotions. According to instrumental approaches, however, healthy individuals should pursue useful and avoid harmful emotions, whether pleasant or unpleasant. We sought to reconcile these approaches by distinguishing between preferences for emotions that are aggregated across contexts and preferences for emotions within specific contexts. Across five days, we assessed daily confrontational and collaborative demands and daily preferences for anger and happiness. Somewhat consistent with hedonic approaches, when averaging across contexts, psychologically healthier individuals wanted to feel less anger, but not more happiness. Somewhat consistent with instrumental approaches, when examined within contexts, psychologically healthier individuals wanted to feel angrier in more confrontational contexts, and some wanted to feel happier in more collaborative contexts. Thus, although healthier individuals are motivated to avoid unpleasant emotions over time, they are more motivated to experience them when they are potentially useful.     

青少年领导力发展的研究述评

青少年时期是领导力发展的最佳时机和关键时机。青少年领导力发展是指对青少年所实施的帮助其增强领导力意识、发展领导力素质及掌握领导力技巧的各种经历或活动。本文在回顾国内外青少年领导力发展的模式、途径和内容等相关研究的基础上,提出了青少年领导力发展的未来研究趋势,主要包括：（1）青少年领导力发展理论模式的实证检验;（2）体育课或体育活动中青少年领导力发展的实证探索;（3）中国背景下青少年领导力发展的实证研究。     

Cross‐level interactions of individual trait positive affect,group trait positive affect,and group positive affect diversity

The purpose of the current study is to examine the cross‐level three‐way interactions among individual trait positive affect (PA), group trait PA, and group PA diversity on individual work outcomes. Drawing on situation strength theory, we hypothesized that the relationship of individual trait PA with work outcomes depends on the strength of a group's affective contexts including group trait PA and PA diversity. The hierarchical linear modelling results for 261 employees in 42 South Korean organizational teams showed that individuals' trait PA was positively associated with their team commitment, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB). The findings also demonstrated that individual trait PA had the strongest relationship with team commitment when group trait PA was low and PA diversity was high simultaneously. In addition, the relationship between individual trait PA and OCB was found to be stronger for affectively diverse groups than for homogeneous groups.     

Two Concepts or Two Approaches? A Bifactor Analysis of Psychological and Subjective Well-Being

Researchers often debate about whether there is a meaningful differentiation between psychological well-being and subjective well-being. One view argues that psychological and subjective well-being are distinct dimensions, whereas another view proposes that they are different perspectives on the same general construct and thus are more similar than different. The purpose of this investigation was to examine these two competing views by using a statistical approach, the bifactor model, that allows for an examination of the common variance shared by the two types of well-being and the unique variance specific to each. In one college sample and one nationally representative sample, the bifactor model revealed a strong general factor, which captures the common ground shared by the measures of psychological well-being and subjective well-being. The bifactor model also revealed four specific factors of psychological well-being and three specific factors of subjective well-being, after partialling out the general well-being factor. We further examined the relations of the specific factors of psychological and subjective well-being to external measures. The specific factors demonstrated incremental predictive power, independent of the general well-being factor. These results suggest that psychological well-being and subjective well-being are strongly related at the general construct level, but their individual components are distinct once their overlap with the general construct of well-being is partialled out. The findings thus indicate that both perspectives have merit, depending on the level of analysis.     

创伤后应激障碍诊治的思考

创伤后应激障碍随着人类灾害事故的频发升级,已引起了世界范围内的高度关注和研究.本文就思考缘起、疾病发病态势、疾病临床表现、其生物学变化及疾病预后所引发的思考启示、提醒当前要加强公众教育,并从中体悟疾病所映射的医学、物理学、心理学、社会学、宗教、哲学方面的涵义做一探索.     

论过度性医疗、保护性医疗与防御性医疗的法律界定

过度性医疗、保护性医疗与防御性医疗是发生在医疗活动过程中三种性质不同的医疗行为,对这三种医疗行为内涵的合理界定是对其进行法律规制的必要前提.过度性医疗是一种违法医疗行为,保护性医疗在一定条件下是一种受法律保护的医疗行为,防御性医疗则是一种性质“待定”的医疗行为.医师是否依法履行告知义务也是区分三种医疗行为的“试金石”.