The influence of orthographic experience on the development of phonological preparation in spoken word production

Three sets of experiments using the picture naming tasks with the form preparation paradigm investigated the influence of orthographic experience on the development of phonological preparation unit in spoken word production in native Mandarin-speaking children. Participants included kindergarten children who have not received formal literacy instruction, Grade 1 children who are comparatively more exposed to the alphabetic pinyin system and have very limited Chinese character knowledge, Grades 2 and 4 children who have better character knowledge and more exposure to characters, and skilled adult readers who have the most advanced character knowledge and most exposure to characters. Only Grade 1 children showed the form preparation effect in the same initial consonant condition (i.e., when a list of target words shared the initial consonant). Both Grade 4 children and adults showed the preparation effect when the initial syllable (but not tone) among target words was shared. Kindergartners and Grade 2 children only showed the preparation effect when the initial syllable including tonal information was shared. These developmental changes in phonological preparation could be interpreted as a joint function of the modification of phonological representation and attentional shift. Extensive pinyin experience encourages speakers to attend to and select onset phoneme in phonological preparation, whereas extensive character experience encourages speakers to prepare spoken words in syllables.     

知觉负载对负性分心面孔的知觉加工和记忆的影响

本研究采用视觉搜索和意外再认记忆任务,结合事件相关电位技术,考察知觉负载对负性分心面孔的知觉加工和记忆的影响。在视觉搜索任务中,行为上恐惧分心面孔在高负载下干扰任务。ERP结果上,恐惧比中性分心面孔诱发更大的N170和N250;在低负载下恐惧比中性分心面孔诱发更大的N700,在高负载下没有差异。在意外再认记忆中,个体对低负载下的恐惧分心面孔表现出记忆。这些结果说明负性分心物在早期是自动化加工;晚期加工受知觉负载的调节,负载越低对负性分心物的过滤越少,存在对负性分心物的记忆偏向。     

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on carbon segregation in Cr8Mo2SiV tool steel during tempering

Carbon segregation in Cr8Mo2SiV tool steel after common heat treatment (CHT) and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) extraction replica and three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) tests. The XRD results show that most of the retained austenite transformed to martensite after DCT. The TEM results confirm the transformation of blocky retained austenite to twin martensite during DCT. The 3DAP results reveal the segregation of carbon atoms and the maximum carbon fraction in carbon-rich regions increases after DCT. The peak carbon concentration in carbon-rich regions of SDC99 steel after CHT and DCT are 8 at. % and 15 at. %, respectively. The segregated carbon atoms grew into nuclei for nanoscale carbides precipitation on subsequent tempering.     

个体经验和线索提示对焦虑共情的影响

通过考察经验水平和线索提示对他人焦虑共情的影响特点,揭示有经验者低共情的原因和提高共情的方法。结果发现:(1)有经验组的焦虑共情得分显著低于正在经验组;(2)详细线索条件下被试的共情得分显著高于概括线索条件下被试的得分;(3)详细线索条件下,经验匹配被试的焦虑共情显著高于经验不匹配被试。研究表明,在一般情境和简单线索条件下有经验被试对他人没有高的焦虑共情,但详细线索提示可以唤醒情绪记忆,显著提高有经验被试的共情水平。     

Set points of positivity ratio for different levels of well‐being: A latent profile analysis

Previous studies have explored the set points of the positivity ratio by grouping according to predetermined cut‐off scores, resulting in inconsistent criteria and unstable results. This study intends to further explore the set points of the positivity ratio using latent profile analysis. Two samples of 716 college students and 381 adults in China completed the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well‐Being, the Personal Growth Subscale from Ryff's Psychological Well‐being Scale, the Need Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Emotional Experience of Well‐Being Questionnaire. College students were classified into four classes (2.0, 2.8, 3.7 and 5.0) with the set points of the positivity ratio, whereas adults were classified into three classes (1.9, 2.9 and 4.2) with the set points of the positivity ratio. The difference of the set points between college students and adults was nonsignificant for medium and high well‐being classes, and significant with a small effect size for the higher well‐being class. Future research should examine more diverse samples and combine the real experience method to further explore the set points of the positivity ratio.     

D. Z. Phillips on the grammar of “God”

In this essay dedicated to the memory of D. Z. Phillips, I propose to do two things. In the first part I present his position on the grammar of God and the language game in some detail, discussing the confusion of “subliming” the logic of our language, the contextual genesis of sense and meaning, the idea of a world view, language game, logic, and grammar internal to each context, the constitution of the religious context, and the grammar of God proper to that context. In the second part I present my appreciative critical reflection by arguing that the conception of context and language game must be made more dialectical, that the grammar of God needs more systematic metaphysical analysis, and that a greater sense of the radical transcendence of God over a language game is necessary in order to avoid reductionism always inherent in any contextual approach.     

Organizational citizenship behavior and social loafing: the role of personality, motives, and contextual factors

The present study integrates the literature on social loafing and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The authors examined the roles of personality, motives, and contextual factors in influencing the work behaviors of OCB and social loafing. In a sample of 341 individuals working in project groups, with data collected over 3 time periods, the authors found that conscientiousness was negatively related to social loafing. They also found the known positive relation of OCB with conscientiousness. Felt responsibility was negatively related to social loafing. The authors found no significant relations between social loafing and OCB motives.     

重大自然灾害后快速心理危机干预

重大自然灾害后,使用心理危机干预的专业方法,利用心理危机快速反应专家服务组,给受灾者带来常规社会救援不能解决的紧急心理救护和进一步的心理援助,使不幸的人们在绝望中鼓起勇气、获得希望,并与他们一起共同度过人生中这段最艰难的时刻。面对灾难,危机干预是利国利民的重要事务,是政府对灾难后受灾人群进行人文关怀和构建和谐社会的直接体现。     

论元代道教戏剧对道教乐生思想的图解

对生命价值的充分肯定和对长生成仙的热烈追求是道教最具特色的教义.元代道教戏剧以独特的视角和艺术的手法对道教乐生思想进行了全方位地形象图解.面对成仙诱惑,凡人的怀疑、拒绝与诘问,正是因为对生的热切渴望对生命的价值强烈认同感使然.情欲乃是人之常情,道教贵生,当然包括对生命基本需求的尊重,对世俗情欲的眷恋与渴望是元代道教戏剧对道教乐生思想的又一诠释.元代道教戏剧着力展现体道之人对山水的乐好,而其乐山好水的审美情趣又与澄心遣欲的宗教追求和隐逸归真的宗教旨意一脉相承.本文以全新的角度阐释元代道教戏剧中体现出的道教乐生思想,以期在加深对道教生命意识的认识的同时,彰显元代道教戏剧独特的艺术价值.     

Testing intergroup concordance in ranking experiments with two groups of judges

Across many areas of psychology, concordance is commonly used to measure the (intragroup) agreement in ranking a number of items by a group of judges. Sometimes, however, the judges come from multiple groups, and in those situations, the interest is to measure the concordance between groups, under the assumption that there is some within-group concordance. In this investigation, existing methods are compared under a variety of scenarios. Permutation theory is used to calculate the error rates and the power of the methods. Missing data situations are also studied. The results indicate that the performance of the methods depend on (a) the number of items to be ranked, (b) the level of within-group agreement, and (c) the level of between-group agreement. Overall, using the actual ranks of the items gives better results than using the pairwise comparison of rankings. Missing data lead to loss in statistical power, and in some cases, the loss is substantial. The degree of power loss depends on the missing mechanism and the method of imputing the missing data, among other factors.