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111.
A key function of the olfactory system is the detection of differences in odour quality. Therefore, a test was developed to assess odour discrimination ability in normosmic humans. Out of six monomolecular substances (capric acid, coumarin, eugenol, geraniol, phenylethyl alcohol, and vanillin) quaternary mixtures were prepared. Within one item, three odour mixtures were presented (triangle forced-choice procedure). The deviant odour contained the same substances as the two remaining odours; however, the proportions were changed. Study 1 (120 participants) aimed to select items that contribute to a high internal consistency. Study 2 (104 participants) assessed test-retest reliability, parallel test reliability and test validity. Out of 45 items, a 15-item test (Düsseldorf Odour Discrimination Test, DODT) with an internal consistency of 0.61 and medium item difficulties was prepared. The test-retest reliability of the DODT was 0.66 (test interval = 4 weeks) and the parallel test reliability 0.42. The DODT correlated significantly with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and to a lesser extent with the phenylethyl alcohol odour threshold test. As the DODT did not correlate with the odour discrimination test of the Sniffin' Sticks, the two tests seem to measure different performances of the olfactory system. 相似文献
112.
Ina Fassbender Arnold Lohaus Hoben Thomas Manuel Teubert Marc Vierhaus Sibylle M. Spangler Thorsten Kolling Claudia Goertz Frauke Graf Bettina Lamm Helene Gudi Claudia Freitag Heidi Keller Monika Knopf Gudrun Schwarzer 《Infant and child development》2012,21(4):325-337
This longitudinal study assessed 133 Caucasian German infants at 3 and 6 months of age to investigate the influence of own‐race and other‐race faces as visual stimuli on association learning in the visual expectation paradigm (VExP). The study is related to the findings on the other‐race‐effect (ORE) which is said to emerge at 6 months of age. Caucasian faces were used as stimuli of a familiar ethnic category, whereas African faces were used as stimuli of an unfamiliar ethnic category. There was no significant difference between the two stimulus classes in infants' reaction time (RT) to stimulus shifts at 3 months. At 6 months of age, infants' RT decreased significantly in the Caucasian faces condition but not in the African faces condition. These results indicate that the processing of other‐race versus own‐race faces by the age of 6 months, which is also the relevant age for the onset of the ORE, has an important influence on the performance on the VExP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
113.
Frauke Graf Bettina Lamm Claudia Goertz Thorsten Kolling Claudia Freitag Sibylle Spangler Ina Fassbender Manuel Teubert Marc Vierhaus Heidi Keller Arnold Lohaus Gudrun Schwarzer Monika Knopf 《Infant and child development》2012,21(5):458-473
Three‐month‐old Cameroonian Nso farmer and German middle‐class infants were compared regarding learning and retention in a computerized mobile task. Infants achieving a preset learning criterion during reinforcement were tested for immediate and long‐term retention measured in terms of an increased response rate after reinforcement and after a 24‐h delay compared with baseline. It was hypothesized that infants from both cultural communities would acquire the contingency between own motion and mobile movement, as they similarly experience contingent responses in social interactions. Nso infants were assumed to show a higher learning rate related to their advanced gross motor development, whereas German infants were expected to show a higher baseline because of culture‐typical motor handling promoting a high level of activity (i.e. lying supine). Results showed immediate and long‐term retention in infants from both cultural contexts, as well as a higher baseline for German infants. Although the learning rate was higher for Cameroonian infants, logistic regression revealed that learning was not related to gross motor development but depended on the level of baseline response. Thus, contingency learning was shown in different cultural environments, and the level of baseline activity coined by culture‐specific motor handling turned out to influence learning within the mobile task. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
114.
Bettina Davou 《Psychodynamic Practice》2013,19(3):277-294
This paper reviews recent experimental evidence on the active involvement of non-conscious processes in human functioning and examines the contribution of this evidence to understanding learning. The experimental concept of 'unconscious processing' is compared to the psychoanalytic notion of the 'unconscious' and some relationships between the two concepts are pointed out. The general idea stemming from experimental research is that, in parallel with what goes on at the conscious level, non-conscious dynamic processes have a very strong impact both in the process and the outcome of learning. Information, which in milliseconds is non-consciously assessed as threatening to the learner's psychological balance, may be disguised or blocked from further processing, therefore affecting the learner's educational competence. The educational material, relationship or atmosphere may provoke non-conscious emotions, attitudes and intentions, which 'inflate' cognition and can affect the individual's current processing of information in various (inhibiting or enhancing) ways. By carefully observing the points where the individual learner is blocked in the 'here and now', the teacher or therapist may deduce useful information on the issues that may unconsciously inhibit learning. 相似文献
115.
Mimi Xu Lilian Zou Alex Wilde Bettina Meiser Kristine Barlow-Stewart Bibiana Chan Philip B. Mitchell Mariana S. Sousa Peter R. Schofield 《Journal of genetic counseling》2013,22(5):613-624
The aim of this study was to explore cultural differences in causal attributions and beliefs about heritability of major depressive disorder (MDD). Face-to-face interviews with Anglo-Celtic- and Chinese-Australians community members with a family history of MDD were conducted and subjected to a rigorous qualitative analysis, using the computer software NVivo. Sixteen Anglo-Celtic-Australians and 16 Chinese-Australians were interviewed. Both groups believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributed to MDD, that stress was an important cause of MDD, and that coping factors were significant moderators of the impact of stress on MDD. Both cultural groups believed that the causes of MDD affecting multiple family members included a shared family environment and a “contagion effect”, in addition to genetics. Unique to the Chinese-Australian group was the beliefs that parental pressures to exceed academically contributed to MDD; this cultural group also reported beliefs that depression was due to God’s will or alternatively fate, which in turn was related to attributions to feng shui and auspicious dates. This study documented key culture-specific differences in beliefs about causes and inheritance of MDD; such differences have major implications for clinician-patient communication about genetic risk associated with having a family history of MDD. 相似文献
116.
Bettina Kubicek Matea Paškvan Christian Korunka 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2013,22(6):898-913
Accelerated societal and organizational changes have placed new pressures on employees. Especially, service employees are exposed to intensified workloads, planning and decision-making, and learning demands. Despite the growing attention given to this intensification of job demands, a comprehensive measure is missing. In the present study, we developed the Intensification of Job Demands Scale (IDS) and validated it in four samples (N = 1363). Confirmatory factor analyses supported the differentiation into five subscales, namely work intensification, intensified job-related planning and decision-making demands, intensified career-related planning and decision-making demands, intensified knowledge-related learning demands, and intensified skill-related learning demands. This five-factor structure holds for both the German and the English versions of the instrument. Convergent and discriminant validity tests showed that the IDS subscales are moderately related to established measures of job demands, but at most have small correlations with negative affectivity. Providing support for the incremental validity, the IDS subscales were found to add to the prediction of burnout and job satisfaction beyond established job demands. Finally, the IDS subscales helped to identify employees who experienced changes in their work situation. In sum, the results indicate that the IDS is a valid and reliable measure to assess the intensification of job demands. 相似文献
117.
This study explored the effects of vision and maturation on the characteristics of neuromuscular responses underlying balance control in both seated and standing children of five age groups (3½–5 months, 8–14 months, 2–3 years, 4–6 years, and 7–10 years). A platform was used to unexpectedly disturb the child’s balance in the anterior or posterior direction. Responses of the leg, trunk, and neck muscles were recorded using surface electromyograms.Vision was not required for the activation of these responses in any of the age groups tested. However, comparison of muscle response latencies of standing children to posterior platform translation in the two visual conditions showed a significant reduction in latency for neck flexors in the 2- to 3-year-olds with vision removed and an increase in the total number of monosynaptic reflexes. No reduction in latency was found in the older age groups. The hypothesis of a shift from an early long latency visual dominance to a shorter latency proprioceptive one during childhood is discussed.Postural control showed a cephalo-caudal developmental gradient with postural responses appearing first in the neck, then trunk, and finally, legs, as children developed from 3 to 14 months of age. A wide variety of response patterns was seen in the 3- to 5-month-olds, indicating that postural responses are not functional prior to experience with stabilizing the center of mass. 相似文献
118.
Ollrogge Karen Frühauf Madita Mros Theresa Böttger Julia Höhne Elisabeth McElvany Nele Zander Lysann Hannover Bettina 《Social Psychology of Education》2022,25(4):745-766
Social Psychology of Education - Lower vocabulary in German is repeatedly reported for students with Turkish migration background attending school in Germany. We investigated whether in students of... 相似文献
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