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891.
Cognitive—clinical theorists such as Beck have implicated various personality traits as vulnerability factors in the experience of negative, distressing cognitions. A cluster analysis, performed on the basis of Ss' responses to a questionnaire specially constructed to assess anxious and depressive thoughts for features such as frequency, sadness, worry, controllability and unacceptability, demonstrated individual differences in the experience of negative cognitions. These differences were associated with varying levels of trait anxiety, dysphoria and obsessionality. Further analysis revealed that trait anxiety and neuroticism were more strongly associated with depressive rather than anxious cognitions. Obsessional complaints evidenced minimal association with anxious thoughts, though a moderate correlation was obtained between the former and depressive self-statements. It is suggested that personality factors are influential in the experience of negative cognitions in a highly specific manner. 相似文献
892.
The valences of the dreams reported by Type A (n = 39) and Type B (n = 42) undergraduates were examined. Consistent with the view that in part the manifest content of the dream may reflect attempts to manage stress, the Type A students were significantly more likely than the Type B students, to report disturbing dreams. 相似文献
893.
Orientation-specificity in kinesthetic spatial learning: The role of multiple orientations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In the current study we tested whether multiple orientations in kinesthetic learning affected how flexibly spatial information is stored and later used in making location judgments. Three groups learned simple routes by walking them while blindfolded, with (1) multiple orientations achieved through normal walking, (2) multiple orientations achieved through backward walking, or (3) a single orientation achieved through walking without turning (which required forward, backward, and sideways walking). When subjects had experienced multiple orientations while learning the routes, later directional judgments were equally accurate (and equally rapid) regardless of whether the judgments were aligned or were contra-aligned with the orientation of the routes as originally learned. In contrast, when routes were learned in a single orientation (without turning), subsequent judgments on contra-aligned trials were both less accurate and slower than judgments on aligned trials. Thus, multiple orientations are important to establish orientation-free, flexible use of spatial information in a kinesthetic learning environment. This contrasts with the pattern of results typically found in visual spatial learning and suggests that the factors that affect orientation specificity of spatial use may differ across spatial modality. 相似文献
894.
895.
Drawing substantive conclusions from linear causal models that perform acceptably on statistical tests is unreasonable if it is not known how alternatives fare on these same tests. We describe a computer program, TETRAD, that helps to search rapidly for plausible alternatives to a given causal structure. The program is based on principles from statistics, graph theory, philosophy of science, and artificial intelligence. We describe these principles, discuss how TETRAD employs them, and argue that these principles make TETRAD an effective tool. Finally, we illustrate TETRAD's effectiveness by applying it to a multiple indicator model of Political and Industrial development. A pilot version of the TETRAD program is described in this paper. The current version is described in our forthcoming Discovering Causal Structure: Artificial Intelligence for Statistical Modeling. 相似文献
896.
In Study 1, carefully screened elderly adults with primary degenerative dementia or major depression were compared to healthy aged control subjects on three tests of learning and memory: the Benton Visual Retention Test, Inglis Paired-Associate Learning Test, and the Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation (OME). The sharpest distinction in performance among the groups was observed on the OME, and discriminant equations based on this test correctly classified a high percentage (greater than or equal to 90%) of participants. Study 2 applied the classification rules derived in the first investigation to an unselected series of geropsychiatry inpatients referred for neuropsychological evaluation. There was agreement between memory test classification and general categories of clinical discharge diagnosis (organic vs. functional) for 21 of 25 patients, and with status at follow-up approximately 18 months later. Predictive value computations suggested that the OME is more accurate in confirming true dementia than in detecting dementia syndromes associated with functional disorders. 相似文献
897.
898.
Synthesized clustering: A method for amalgamating alternative clustering bases with differential weighting of variables 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
In the application of clustering methods to real world data sets, two problems frequently arise: (a) how can the various contributory variables in a specific battery be weighted so as to enhance some cluster structure that may be present, and (b) how can various alternative batteries be combined to produce a single clustering that best incorporates each contributory set. A new method is proposed (SYNCLUS, SYNthesizedCLUStering) for dealing with these two problems.We wish to thank Anne Freeny and Deborah Art for their computer assistance, and Ed Fowlkes for his helpful technical discussion. We would also like to acknowledge the insightful and helpful comments from the editor and reviewers. 相似文献
899.
George Donaldson Alan M. Olson Mary T. Clark Stephen Beasley-Murray Eugene Thomas Long Jack S. Boozer John Howie Paul K. Moser Louis P. Pojman Michael E. Zimmerman Michael H. DeArmey Eric von der Luft Jackie Kleinman Galen A. Johnson Eric C. Rust J. Michael Cashore Andrew J. Reck John W. Murphy Ronald L. Hall 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》1984,15(1-2):85-108
900.