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941.
The relative effects of developmental level and domain-specific knowledge on children's ability to identify and make similarity decisions about object concepts based only on haptic (touch) information were investigated. Children aged 4-9 years with varying levels of dinosaur knowledge completed a cross-comparison task in which they haptically explored pairs of familiar (dinosaur) and unfamiliar (sea creature) models that varied in terms of their degree of differentiability. Older children explored models more exhaustively, found more differentiating features and consequently made fewer errors than younger children did. High knowledge enabled children to identify models correctly, but was also associated with the use of a hypothesis testing strategy, which led children to make greater numbers of "miss" errors on the cross-comparison task. Performance in the control domain illustrated that the hypothesis testing strategy was specific to the high knowledge domain. Potential explanations for the role of knowledge and development in haptic exploration are considered. 相似文献
942.
943.
Predicted to diminish task performance were (a) distraction by telephone conversation and (b) older age. 38 participants pointed to letters on a randomized or alphabetized letter matrix during distraction by telephone conversation or no distraction. In a within-subjects design, telephone conversation negatively affected completion time but there were no age differences. Implications for cellular telephone use while driving are discussed. 相似文献
944.
Facilitation among morphologically related words generally is impervious to the prefixed or suffixed structure of primes and targets. A notable exception arises, however, when both primes and targets are suffixed. More specifically, when primes are auditory and targets are visual, facilitation for a suffixed target (e.g., payment) is absent when it follows a prime (e.g., payable) that is morphologically related and suffixed (Marslen-Wilson, Tyler, Waksler, & Older, 1994). To account for null facilitation (viz., the "suffix-suffix" effect), Marslen-Wilson and his colleagues posit inhibitory links between suffixes of morphological relatives. The present study assesses the generality of the "suffix-suffix" effect. When morphological facilitation is assessed relative to an orthographically related baseline, suffixed primes facilitate derivationally as well as inflectionally related morphological targets when primes are visual as well as auditory in both the lexical decision and naming tasks. The present findings call into question lexical models that posit inhibitory links between suffixes of morphological relatives. 相似文献
945.
Ialongo N McCreary BK Pearson JL Koenig AL Wagner BM Schmidt NB Poduska J Kellam SG 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2002,32(3):256-271
The objectives of the present study were four-fold. First, to determine the lifetime, last year, and 6-month prevalence and demographic correlates of suicidal behavior in a defined population of urban, African American young adults. Second, to determine the degree of mental health service utilization among attempters. Third, to study the comorbidity between mental disorders and suicidal behavior, along with the variation in the numbers and types of psychiatric disorders associated with attempts versus ideation only. Fourth, to examine gender differences in the psychiatric diagnoses associated with attempts and ideation. Data relevant to each of these objectives were gathered through structured interviews of 1,157 economically disadvantaged, African American young adults. Lifetime, last year, and 6-month prevalence rates for attempts were 5.3%, 1.2%, and 0.4%, respectively, whereas the lifetime and 6-month prevalence of ideation were 14% and 1.9%, respectively. Approximately two thirds of those who reported lifetime ideation, and a similar proportion of those who reported lifetime attempts, had a history of at least one lifetime psychiatric disorder. There were no gender differences in terms of the degree of risk for suicidal behavior (ideation or attempts) associated with any of the comorbid psychiatric diagnoses assessed. Despite the severity of most attempts, few attempters received mental health services in their lifetime or at the time of their most recent attempt. 相似文献
946.
Higgins (1997, 1998) proposed two self-regulatory or motivational systems—one sensitive to gains (promotion) and one sensitive
to losses (prevention). To examine the interaction of motivation and cognition, participants made good/bad or abstract/concrete
judgments about concepts during fMRI scanning. After scanning, participants rated the extent to which each stimulus was good
and bad and completed a questionnaire that measured promotion/prevention orientation. For each participant, contrast maps
were generated representing the association between neural processing and stimulus valence (good/bad), and these factors were
then regressed against participants’ promotion and prevention focus scores. For the good/bad but not for the abstract/concrete
task, promotion focus was associated with greater activity in the amygdala, anterior cingulate, and extrastriate cortex for
positive stimuli, and prevention focus was associated with activity in the same regions for negative stimuli; these results
are consistent with the hypothesis that the way in which evaluative information is processed is influenced by individual differences
in self-regulatory focus. 相似文献
947.
The relative importance of task and contextual performance dimensions to supervisor judgments of overall performance 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Johnson JW 《The Journal of applied psychology》2001,86(5):984-996
Although evidence supports the unique contribution of task performance and contextual performance to overall evaluations, little is known about the relative contribution that specific dimensions of contextual performance make to overall performance judgments. This study evaluated the extent to which supervisors consider task and contextual performance by using relative weights (J. W. Johnson, 2000) to statistically describe the relative importance of specific dimensions of each type of performance to overall performance ratings. Within each of 8 job families in a large organization, each of 4 dimensions of contextual performance made not only a unique contribution but a relatively important contribution to the overall evaluation. Evidence also supports the adaptive performance dimension of handling work stress as an aspect of contextual performance and job-task conscientiousness as an aspect of both task and contextual performance. 相似文献
948.
A new method is presented for conducting differential prediction analyses that makes it possible to test differential prediction hypotheses with adequate statistical power even when the sample size within a job or a job family is very small. This method, called synthetic differential prediction analysis, represents an application of the logic of synthetic validation to differential prediction analyses. The authors explain this new method and describe its application in a selection-system validation study conducted in a large organization. 相似文献
949.
Miyamoto RH Hishinuma ES Nishimura ST Nahulu LB Andrade NN Johnson RC Makini GK Yuen NY Kim SP Goebert DA Carlton BS Bell CK 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2001,7(2):152-163
Construct, scalar, and functional measurement equivalencies of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Major Life Events checklist (MLE) and the constructs assessed were investigated across groups differentiated on Hawaiian/part-Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian (e.g., Caucasian, Filipino, Hispanic, Japanese, and mixed/2 or more) ethnicity and gender. Initial results from maximum likelihood factoring with promax rotation showed that RSES negatively worded Item 5 loaded with the positively worded Items 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 on 1 of 2 factors for Hawaiian/part-Hawaiian female participants. Similarly, negatively worded Item 8 and the same positively worded items comprised 1 of 2 factors for non-Hawaiian male participants. For the other 2 Ethnicity x Gender groups, factors were respectively comprised of the 5 positively and 5 negatively worded RSES items. Construct equivalence or simple (2-factor) structure underlying the RSES was indicated across the 4 groups after Items 5 and 8 were excluded from a subsequent factoring procedure. Simple structure showed that Factor 1 comprised the positively worded Items 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7, and the remaining negatively worded Items 3, 9, and 10 loaded on Factor 2. Scalar equivalence of the self-esteem and major life events measures was supported by the statistical nonsignificance of the Major Life Events x Ethnicity x Gender interaction effect in multiple regression models. The consistency in the absolute size and direction of the intercorrelations between overall self-esteem, self-esteem Factors 1 and 2, and major life events variables indicated the functional equivalence of respective measures and constructs assessed. Measurement equivalency findings concerning the RSES and MLE, the constructs measured, and their utility versus caution against their use in multiethnic studies were discussed. 相似文献
950.
C.M. Johnson 《Animal cognition》2001,3(4):167-183
A model of "distributed cognition" is contrasted with the "mental representation" model exemplified by Tomasello and Call's Primate Cognition. Rather than using behavior as a basis for inferences to invisible mental events such as intentions, the distributed approach
treats communicative interactions as, themselves, directly observable cognitive events. Similar to a Vygotskian approach,
this model characterizes cognition as "co-constructed" by the participants. This approach is thus particularly suitable for
studying primates (including humans), whose reliance on multiparty negotiations can undermine the researcher's ability to
extrapolate from observable outcomes back to individual intentions. Detailed (e.g., frame-by-frame) analyses of such interactions
reveal cross-species differences in the relevant media of information flow (e.g., behavioral coordination, relative gaze)
as well as in the flexibility and complexity of the trajectories observed. Plus, with its focus on dynamics, the distributed
approach is especially useful for modeling developmental and evolutionary processes. In discussing enculturation and the ontogeny
of imitation, its emphasis is on changes in how expert and novice participate in such events, rather than how either may represent
them. Primate cognitive evolution is seen as involving changes in context sensitivity, multi-tasking, and the coordination
of social attention. Humans in particular – in, especially, the context of teaching – are seen as having specialized in linking
co-perception with the refined sensory-motor coordination that enables them to translate observed behavior into strategically
similar action. Highlighting the continuity between human and nonhuman development, this promising, complementary model enables
us to tap the richness of micro-ethology as a cognitive science.
Accepted after revision: 7 January 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献