The Psychosocial Vulnerability Model of Hostility as a Predictor of Coronary Heart Disease in Low-income African Americans

The current study examined social support and stress as mediators of the hostility—coronary heart disease (CHD) relationship as suggested by the psychosocial vulnerability model in a sample of low-income African Americans. Among 95 CHD patients and 30 healthy controls, hostility was negatively correlated with social support, but was not related to minor stress. CHD patients endorsed higher levels of hostility; however, the relationship between hostility and CHD status was diminished once stress and social support were included in the model. This study lends partial support for the psychosocial vulnerability model of hostility in African Americans, but suggests that the relationship between hostility and stress may be impacted by socioeconomic status.     

The influence of intergroup comparisons on Africans' intelligence test performance in a job selection context

Sub-Saharan Africans living in Belgium (N = 69) completed a culture-free intelligence test in a simulated job selection environment. Prior to testing, the authors instructed participants that Africans' average performance on this test was generally better (positive comparison), worse (negative comparison), or equal to Belgians' performance. In a control condition, no such information was given. Results indicated that, compared with the equal and control conditions, performance was lower when intergroup comparisons were negative. In the former condition, participants were also more likely to endorse external factors that may account for lower performance. The authors interpreted the findings in line with stereotype threat theory (C. M. Steele & J. Aronson, 1995). In the context of job selection, the validity of intelligence tests conducted with members of stigmatized groups may be affected by the salience of social stereotypes and intergroup social comparisons.     

Symbolic Attributes and Organizational Attractiveness: The moderating effects of applicant personality

The present study examined the moderating influence of the Big Five personality factors in the relationship between five symbolic, trait‐based inferences about organizations (Sincerity, Excitement, Competence, Prestige, and Ruggedness) and organizational attractiveness. Drawing on the similarity‐attraction paradigm, six hypotheses were formulated, stating that the relationship between trait‐based inferences and organizational attractiveness would be stronger for persons who perceive the organization as similar to them. Results of moderated regression analyses on data from a sample of 245 prospective applicants for the Belgian military revealed two significant two‐way interactions, showing that Sincerity was positively related to organizational attractiveness only for individuals high on Conscientiousness, and that the relationship between Excitement and organizational attractiveness is more positive for individuals high on Openness to Experience. Practical implications, strengths and limitations, as well as directions for further research are presented.     

The issue of generality in ethics

Conclusion Does ethics have adequate general theories? Our analysis shows that this question does not have a straightforward answer since the key terms are ambiguous. So we should not concentrate on the answer but on the question itself. Ethics stands for many things, but we let that pass. Adequate may refer to varied arrays of methodological principles which are seldom fully articulated in ethics. General is a notion with at least three meanings. Different kinds of generality may be at cross-purposes, so we must not expect theories to be general in sundry senses. Theory, for that matter, is itself ambiguous. Some thinkers say that ethics cannot have theories, while others deny it. We doubt whether opposing parties are talking about the same things.No wonder, then, that controversies in ethics are long-lasting and unproductive. We hope that the methodology we have presented will alleviate some of them. The examples we chose show that this is feasible. Views such as Hare's and Jonsen and Toulmin's which are seemingly wide apart, show convergence if we put them in a methodological perspective.Our analysis also suggests that many alleged differences between science and ethics could fade away if methodology is brought to bear on them. Specifically, the idea that ethics compares poorly with science in view of limited generality, or poor means of justification, is unfounded. Those who defend this view over-rate the powers of science.     

Book reviews and notes

GENERAL

ISLAM AND HUMAN RIGHTS: TRADITION AND POLITICS. By Ann Elizabeth Mayer. Boulder and San Francisco: Westview Press/London: Pinter Publishers, 1991. xix + 258pp. Hb. £35.00. ISBN 0–8133–8091‐X [U.S.] ISBN 0–86187–091–3 [U.K.].

TOWARD AN ISLAMIC REFORMATION: CIVIL LIBERTIES, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. By Abdullahi Amhed AN‐NA'IM. Foreword by John Voll. New York: Syracuse Press, 1990. xvi + 253pp. Hb. $29.95. ISBN 0–81656–2484–8.

WAS JEDER VOM ISLAM WISSEN MUSS. Edited by Lutherischen Kirchenamt Der Vereinigten Evangelischen‐Lutherischen Kirche Deutschlands and Kirchenamt der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland. Gutersloh: Gerd Mohn, 1990. 224pp. Pb. np. ISBN 3–579–00786–6.

WER WAR MUHAMMAD? LEBENSGESCHICHTE UND PRO‐PHETISCHER ANSPRUCH. By Adel Theodor Khoury. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1990. 125pp. Pb. DM10.90. ISBN 3–451–08719–7.

DER ISLAM: SEIN GLAUBE — SEINE LEBENSORDNUNG — SEIN ANSPRUCH. By Adel Theodor Khoury. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1988. 238pp. Pb. DM12.90. ISBN 3–451–08602–6.

MOHAMMED UND DER KORAN. By Rudi Paret. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1991. 181pp. Pb. DM20.00. ISBN 3–17–011317–8.

DER ISLAM: RELIGION‐ETHIK‐POLITIK. By Peter Antes et al. Stuttgart, Berlin, Koln: Kohlhammer, 1991.151pp. Pb. DM29.80. ISBN 3–17–011737–8.

INTRODUCING ISLAM FROM WITHIN. By Mona Abul‐Fadl. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1991. 135pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 0–86037–209‐X.

MUSLIMS: THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES: VOLUME 1: THE FORMATIVE PERIOD. By Andrew Rippin. London:. Routledge, 1990. 155pp. Pb. £9.99. ISBN 0–415–04519–3.

MACHT UND EINSAMKEIT GOTTES: DIALOG MIT DEM ISLAMISCHEN RADKAL‐MONOTHEISMUS. By Thomas Mooren. Religionswissenschaftliche Studien, hrsg. von A. Th. Khoury und L. Hagemann; 17. Wurzburg: Echter/Altenberge: Oros, 1991. 408pp. Pb. DM59.80. ISBN 3–429–01411–5 (Echter); ISBN 3–89375–040–1 (Oros).

DER KORAN: ARABISCH‐DEUTSCH: UBERSETZUNG UND WISSENSCHAFTLICHER KOMENTAR. By Adel Theodor Khoury. Band 1: Muhammad. Der Koran Sure 1,1–2,74. Giitersloh: Giitersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1990. 367pp. Hb. DM250.00 for subscribers to the whole work: DM195.00 per volume. ISBN 3–579–00336–4. Band 2: Sure 2,75–2,212. Gutersloh: Gutersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1991.384pp. Hb. DM250.00. ISBN 3–579–00337–2.

THE ISMAILIS: THEIR HISTORY AND DOCTRINES. By Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 1990. 804pp. Hb. £60.00; $79.50. ISBN 0–521–37019–1.

BELIEF AND LAW IN IMAMI SfflTSM. By Etan Kohlberg. Alder‐shot: Variorum, 1991. x + 352pp. Hb. n.p. ISBN 0–86078–292–1.

NAQSHBANDIS: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND PRESENT SITUATION OF A MUSLIM MYSTICAL ORDER: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVRES ROUND TABLE 2–4 MAY 1985. Edited by Marc Gaborieau, Alexandre Popovic and Thierry Zarcone. Varia TurcicaXVII. Istanbul‐Paris: Editions ISIS, 1990.750pp. HB. n.p. ISBN 2–906053–12–0.

LE LIVRE REUNISSANT LES DEUX SAGESSES. (Kitab‐e Jami al‐Hikmatayri). By Nasir‐e. Khosraw. Translation from the Persian, introduction and notes by Isabelle de Gastines. Paris: Fayard, 1990.345pp. Pb. FF130.00. ISBN 9–782213–026138.

ISLAM AND LIBERATION THEOLOGY. By Asghar Ali Engineer. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1990. 238pp. Hb. RS200.00. ISBN 81–207–1046–0.

ISLAMIC HISTORY: A FRAMEWORK FOR INQUIRY. By R. Stephen Humphreys. London: I.B. Tauris, 1991. Revised edition. 401pp. Pb. £9.95. ISBN 1–85043–360–7.

THE ELEMENTS OF SUFISM. By Shaykh Fadhlalla Haeri. Shaftesbury: Element Books Ltd., 1990. 118pp. Pb. £4.99; $7.95. ISBN 1–8523O‐O68‐X.

MELANGES — Volume 20. Edited by Institute Dominicain d'Etudes Orientales du Caire: Louvain‐Paris, Editions Peeters, 1991. 597pp. Hb. n.p. No ISBN number.

DEBATING MUSLIMS: CULTURAL DIALOGUES IN POSTMODER‐NITY AND TRADITION. By Michael M.J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990. 564pp. Hb. n.p. ISBN 0–299–12430–4.

MUSLIM TRAVELLERS: PILGRIMAGE, MIGRATION AND THE RELIGIOUS IMAGINATION. Edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori. London: Routledge, 1990. 281pp. Pb. £40.00. ISBN 0–415–05033–2.

PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE. By Mohammed Hashim Kamali. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1991. 417pp. Hb. £25.00. ISBN Hb. 0–946621–23–3; Pb. 0–946621–24–1.

RELIGION, LEARNING AND SCIENCE IN THE ‘ABBASID PERIOD. Edited by M.J.L. Young, J.D. Latham and R.B. Serjeant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 587pp. Hb. £60.00; $95.00. ISBN 0–521–32763–6.

THE SOCIAL LAWS OF THE QUR'AN: By Robert Roberts. London: Curzon Press Ltd.,. 1990. First pub. 1925. 125pp. Pb. £3.75. ISBN 0–391–03661–0.

BUSINESS ACCOUNTING AND ETHICS. By TREVOR GAMBLING and Rifaat Ahmed Abdel Karim. London and New York: Mansell, 1991. 152pp. Hb. n.p. ISBN 0–7201–2074–8.

ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW. Edited by Chibli Mallat and Jane Connors. London and Norwell: Graham and Trotman Ltd, 1990. 358pp + appendix and index. Hb. n.p. ISBN 1–85333–301–8.

THE SAYINGS OF MUHAMMAD. Selected and translated from the Arabic by Neal Robinson. London: Duckworth, 1991 63pp. Pb. £499. ISBN 0–7156–2365–6.

ECONOMIE DU MONDE ARABE ET MUSULMAN. EDITIONS EMAN. Cachan: Editions EMAM, 1990. 240pp. Pb. FF230.00. ISBN 2–9503–484–2–4.

SCHLAGLICHTER UBER DAS SUFITUM: ABU NASR AS‐SARRAGS KITAB AL‐LUMA’. Eingeleitet, iibersetzt und kommentiert von Richard Gramlich. Freiburger Islamstudien, Band XIII. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990. 676pp. Pb. DM270.00. ISBN 3–515–05199–6.

THE MUSLIM MIND. By Charis Waddy. London: Grosvenor Books, 1990. 3rd Edition. 218pp. Pb. £7.50. ISBN 1–85239–008–5.

DECREE AND DESTINY: THE FREEDOM OF NO CHOICE. By ShaykhFadhlallaHaeri. Shaftesbury: Element Books in association with Sahra Publications, 1991. 147pp. Pb. £7.99. ISBN 1–85230–178–3.

REGIONAL

Africa

RELIGION AND PROPERTY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA. By Lissi Rasmussen. Copenhagen: Academic Press, 1990. 278pp. Pb. DKR228.00. ISBN 87–500–2944–4.

DER GNAWA‐KULT: TRANCESPBELE, GEISTERBESCHWORUNG UND BESESSENHEIT IN MAROKKO. By Frank Maurice Welte. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1990. 379pp. Pb. DM36.00. ISBN 3–631–42273–3.

SUDAN AFTER NIMIERI. Edited by Peter Woodward. London: Routledge, 1991. 223pp. Hb. £35.00. ISBN 0–415–00480–2.

MODERN ALGERIA: A HISTORY FROM 1830 TO THE PRESENT. By Charles‐Robert Ageron. London: Hurst & Co., 1991.166pp. Hb. £16.50; Pb. £9.50. ISBN Hb. 1–85065–027–6; Pb. 1–85065–106‐X.

THE BEDOUIN OF CYRENAICA: STUDIES IN PERSONAL AND CORPORATE POWER. By the late Emrys L. Peters. Edited by Jack Goody and Emanuel Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 310pp. Hb. £32.50, $47.50. ISBN 0–521–38561‐X.

LE TROUPEAU DES SONGS. By Alain Le Pichon and Souleymane Balde. Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1990. 353pp. FF240.00. ISBN 2–7351–0411–7.

Asia

RESISTANCE AND CONTROL IN PAKISTAN. By Akbar S. Ahmed. London: Routledge, 1991. 207pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 0–415–05797–3.

PAKISTAN: SOCIAL SCIENTISTS’ PERSPECTIVE. Edited by Akbar S. Ahmed. Karachi, Oxford: OUP, 1990. 298pp. £12.95. ISBN 0–19–577388–8.

MUSLIM SEPARATISM: THE MOROS OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES AND THE MALAYS OF SOUTHERN THAILAND. By W.K. Che Man. Oxford: OUP, 1990. 240pp. Hb. £22.50. ISBN 0–19–588924‐X.

TURKEY AND THE MIDDLE EAST. By Philip Robins. London: Pinter Publishers, 1991. 130pp. Pb. £7.95. ISBN 0–86187–198–7.

INDIEN AM SCHEIDEWEG ZWISCHEN SAKULARISMUS UND FUNDAMENTALISMUS. By Ernst Pulsfort. Religionswissen‐schaftlich Studien, 18. Wurzburg: Echter Verlag; Altenberge: Oros Verlag, 1991. 97pp. + 14 maps and tables. Pb. DM19.80. ISBN 3–429–01412–3 (Echter); 3–89375–041‐X (Oros Verlag).

FROM ZARATHUSTRA TO KHOMEINI: POPULISM AND DISSENT IN HIAN. By Manochehr Dorraj. London: Lynne Rienner, 1990. 220pp. Hb. £29.95. ISBN 1–55587–181‐X.

Europe

ISLAM IN BRITAIN: PAST, PRESENT AND THE FUTURE. By Mohammad S. Raza. Leicester: Volcano Press Ltd., 1991. 120pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 0–06–066837–7.

NEW CHALLENGES — OLD STRATEGIES: THEMES OF VARIATION AND CONFLICT AMONG PAKISTAN MUSLIMS IN NORWAY, by Nora Ahlberg. Helsinki: Finnish Anthropological Society, 1990. 295pp. Hb. FIM130.00. ISBN 951–95435–5–4.

THE INTEGRATION OF ISLAM AND HINDUISM IN WESTERN EUROPE. Edited by W.A.R. Shadid and P.S. van Koningsveld. The Hague: Kok Pharos, 1991, 254pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 90–242–3078–0.

SACRILEGE VERSUS CIVILITY: MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES ON THE SA TANIC VERSES AFFAIR. Edited by M.M. Ahsan and A.R. Kidwai. Leicester: the Islamic Foundation, 1991. 383pp. Pb. £8.50. ISBN 0–86037–210–3.

ISLAM IN EUROPEAN THOUGHT. By ALBERT HOURANI. Cambridge: CUP, 1991. 199pp. Hb. £25.00; $34.50. ISBN 0–521.39213–6.

WERELDGODSDIENSTEN IN NEDERLAND. Edited by JAN SLOMP. Amersfoort/Leuven: De Horstink, 1991. 234pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 90–6184–361–8.

VEILED HALF TRUTHS: WESTERN TRAVELLERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF MIDDLE EASTERN WOMEN. Selected and introduced by Judy Mabro. London; New York. I.B. Tauris, 1991.275pp. Hb. £19.95. ISBN 1–85043–097–7.

Middle East

NO TRUMPETS, NO DRUMS: A TWO‐STATE SETTLEMENT OF THE ISRAELI‐PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. By Sari Nusseibeh and Mark A. Heller. London: I.B. Tauris, 1991. 183pp. Hb. £12.95. ISBN 1–85043–365–8.

ISTANBUL HOUSEHOLDS: MARRIAGE, FAMILY AND FERTILITY, 1880–1940. By Alan Duben and Cem Behar. Cambridge: CUP, 1991. 276pp. Hb. £30.00, $59.50. ISBN 0–521–38375–7.

CHRISTIAN‐MUSLIM RELATIONS

INDIGENOUS CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ISLAMIC LANDS: CONVERSION AND CONTINUITY: EIGHTH TO EIGHTHEENTH CENTURIES. Edited by Michael Gervers and Ramzi Jibran Bikhazi. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1990. 559pp. Pb. CNS49.50. ISBN 0–88844–809–0.

PLANNING STRATEGIES FOR WORLD EVANGELIZATION. By Edward R. Dayton and David A. Fraser. Monrovia, California: MARC and Grand Rapids/Michigan: Wm. B‐ Eerdmans, 1990. First edition pub. 1980. 349pp. Pb. US$15.95. ISBN 0–8028–0422–5.

KAISER JOHANNES VI: KANTAKUZENOS UND DER ISLAM: POLTTISCHE REAUTAT UND THEOLOGISCHE POLEMIK IM PALAIOLOGENZEITLICHEN BYZANZ. By Klaus‐Peter Todt. Religjonswissenschaftliche Studien 16. Wiirzberg: Echter and Altenberge: Oros‐Verlag, 1991. lx + 705pp. Pb. DM94.80. ISBN 3–429–01370–4 (Echter); 3–89375–035–5 (Oros‐Verlag).

CHRIST IN ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY. By Neal Robinson. London: Macmillan Press, 1991.235pp. Hb. £40.00. ISBN 0–333–52209–5.

GUIDELINES FOR DIALOGUE BETWEEN CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS. By Maurice Borrmans. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1990 (English Translation). Originally published 1981, in French: 132pp. Pb. US$12.95. ISBN 0–8091–3181–1.

WIE TOLERANT 1ST DER ISLAM? Edited by Walter Kerber. Munich: Kindt Verlag, 1991.. 147pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 3–925412–11–5.

GEMEINSAM VOR GOTT: RELIGIONENIM GESPRACH. Edited by R. Kirste, P. Schwarzenau and U. Tworuschska. Hamburg E.B.‐Verlag Rissen, 1991. 335pp. Pb. np. ISBN 3–923002–54–8.

‘GOTT 1ST CHRISTUS, DER SOHN DER MARIA’: EINE STUDIE ZUM CHRISTUSBILD IM KORAN. By Günter Risse. Bonn: Borengasser, 1989. 273pp. Hb. DM34.00. ISBN 3–923946–17–1.

JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM: THE CLASSICAL TEXTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION. Edited by F.E. Peters. Vols. 1, 2 and 3. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. xxv + 408; xxv + 395; xxv+408pp. Hb. £75.00. Pb. £14.95 (Vol.1); £14.95 (Vol.2); £14.95 (Vol.3). ISBN 0–691–02044–2; 0–691–02054‐X; 0–691–02055–8.

FULNESS OF LIFE (John 10:10): ENCOUNTERING ISLAM, APOSTOLIC VISION. Special issue No.2 of Petit Echo of the’ missionaries of Africa. Rome: Missionaries of Africa, 1991. 172pp. Pb. n.p. No ISBN number.

TRENDS IN MISSION: TOWARD THE 3RD MILLENNIUM. Edited by William Jenkinson and Helene O'Sullivan. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1991. 419pp. Pb. $26.95. ISBN 0–88344–766–5.     

The origins and development of empathy

The idea for this special issue ofMotivation and Emotion grew out of a symposium held at the meeting of the American Association for Advancement of Science, held in New Orleans in February 1990.     

Rhétorique et dialectique chez Aristote

Rhetoric and dialectic are two distinct circles, but in intersection. Rhetoric is an application (among others) of the dialectic to public debates. The dialectic is then the intellectual tool of rhetoric, distinct from its emotive means of persuading. But each of them can be antistrophos to the other one because both of them belong to the same sublunar world, our world. Such is Aristotle's answer, both to the sophists and to Plato.

     

Interrelationship of career choice competencies and Career Choice Attitudes of ninth-grade pupils: Testing hypotheses derived from Crites' model of career maturity

This paper presents the results of a study designed to determine whether or not the two dimensions of Career Choice Attitudes and Career Choice Competencies are interrelated as hypothesized in the Crites (1965, 1973a) model of career maturity. To test six associational hypotheses derived from the Crites model, three different career maturity instruments which provide a total of 10 separate scores were administered to a sample of ninth-grade pupils (N = 90). The 10 scores were intercorrelated and factor analyzed. Fairly strong support was found for four of the six hypotheses. The correlation between the Career Maturity Inventory Attitude Scale and the variables classified as career choice competencies were found to be higher than predicted by the model. The factor analysis yielded two factors, one defined by the Career Maturity Inventory Attitude Scale, the Information and Decision-Making Scale of the Career Development Inventory, and the six subtests of the Cognitive Vocational Maturity Test; the other factor was defined by the Planning Orientation and Resources for Exploration Scales of the Career Development Inventory.     

CAN-4, an advanced author language for CAI,computer-based testing and psychological experimentation: PDP-9 implementation

The effective use of computers for tutorial (programmed instruction) teaching and on-line testing requires that curriculum authors have powerful special-purpose languages. One such language, CAN-4, has been designed and implemented to run on the PDP-9. The language includes advanced scoring, data recording, computation, timing, and file control facilities. The language and its implementation are described in relation to the instructional problems which the facilities are designed to meet.