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51.
Carlos David Navarrete reas Olsson Arnold K. Ho Wendy Berry Mendes Lotte Thomsen James Sidanius 《Psychological science》2009,20(2):155-158
ABSTRACT— Conditioning studies on humans and other primates show that fear responses acquired toward danger-relevant stimuli, such as snakes, resist extinction, whereas responses toward danger-irrelevant stimuli, such as birds, are more readily extinguished. Similar evolved biases may extend to human groups, as recent research demonstrates that a conditioned fear response to faces of persons of a social out-group resists extinction, whereas fear toward a social in-group is more readily extinguished. Here, we provide an important extension to previous work by demonstrating that this fear-extinction bias occurs solely when the exemplars are male. These results underscore the importance of considering how gender of the target stimulus affects psychological and physiological responses to out-group threat. 相似文献
52.
Individual Differences in Course Choice Result in Underestimation of the Validity of College Admissions Systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT— We demonstrate that the validity of SAT scores and high school grade point averages (GPAs) as predictors of academic performance has been underestimated because of previous studies' reliance on flawed performance indicators (i.e., college GPA) that are contaminated by the effects of individual differences in course choice. We controlled for this contamination by predicting individual course grades, instead of GPAs, in a data set containing more than 5 million college grades for 167,816 students. Percentage of variance accounted for by SAT scores and high school GPAs was 30 to 40% lower when the criteria were freshman and cumulative GPAs than when the criteria were individual course grades. SAT scores and high school GPAs together accounted for between 44 and 62% of the variance in college grades. This study provides new estimates of the criterion-related validity of SAT scores and high school GPAs, and highlights the care that must be taken in choosing appropriate criteria in validity studies. 相似文献
53.
Four experiments are reported. These experiments compare the effects of two different forms of machine advice on performance
on a complex search task. The task involves determining which of a set of factories is responsible for polluting a river by
testing the river for the presence or absence of various pollutants. Subjects either receive a suggestion as to which pollutant
they should test for on each go, or following testing for a pollutant they are told which of the factories could possibly
be polluting the river at that stage, or they receive a combination of the two forms of advice. The experiments show that
suggesting to subjects which pollutant they should test for on each go is of no benefit, whereas providing a list of possible
factory names after testing for each pollutant significantly benefits performance. Only subjects who receive both types of
advice simultaneously, however, maintain an improved performance level when the advice is withdrawn.
This research was supported by the Alvey Directorate. Mr. E.C. Portman of ICL, West Gorton, acted as “industrial uncle” to
the project. 相似文献
54.
55.
Judy O. Berry 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1995,73(4):379-383
Bronfenbrenner's social ecology model is applied to families that include a member with a developmental disability who are involved in the process of transition from institution to community. An overview of the model is presented as well as discussion of counselors' use of it in providing services to families in this situation. The social ecology perspective can be applied to enhance understanding of the families and to provide a framework for structuring family support during the community transition process. 相似文献
56.
Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation 总被引:45,自引:0,他引:45
John W. Berry 《Psychologie appliquee》1997,46(1):5-34
57.
Carol K. Sigelman Carol J. Berry Katharine A. Wiles 《Journal of applied social psychology》1984,14(6):530-548
In a survey of 504 college students examining predictors of violence in heterosexual relationships, over half of both men and women had committed at least one physically violent act, and men more often than women reported having been the victims of such acts. Most respondents who reported some experience with violence had both committed and received it, were involved in relatively few different types of violence, and first experienced violence when a relationship had moved beyond the casual dating stage. Modest associations between physical violence and sexual aggression were uncovered. In a series of discriminant analyses, men who abused their partners were not readily distinguished from men who did not, but tended to be young, low in family income, traditional in attitudes toward women, abused as children, currently living with a woman, and from Appalachian areas. Women who abused were more readily discriminated and scored low in social desirability, were abused as children, and were from non-Appalachian areas. Men who were abused were likely to be living with a woman and tended to be low in family income; similarly, cohabitation was related among women to being a target of violence, as were having been abused as a child and scoring low in social desirability. Findings are related to those of other studies of dating abuse, as well as to the family violence and aggression literatures. 相似文献
58.
59.
60.
J.W. Berry 《International journal of psychology》1989,24(6):721-735
There is a tension between two research traditions in cross-cultural psychology: working intensively within a single culture in order to understand indigenous psychological phenomena and how they are related to cultural context; and working comparatively across cultures in order to understand broad patterns of relationships between behavioural and cultural variables. This tension can be resolved, and the two approaches integrated, by the adoption of the emic and etic concepts of Pike, and by the elaboration of a set of concrete research steps rooted in these concepts. This paper outlines a conceptual and operational framework for the pursuit of both the indigenous and comparative goals, using examples from research on intelligence and attitudes. 相似文献