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Research has shown that adults can engage in cognitive offloading, whereby internal processes are offloaded onto the environment to help task performance. Here, we investigate an application of this approach with children, in particular children with poor working memory. Participants were required to remember and recall sequences of colors by placing colored blocks in the correct serial order. In one condition the blocks were arranged to facilitate cognitive offloading (i.e., grouped by color), whereas in the other condition they were arranged randomly. Across two experiments (total N = 166) the ordered condition improved task performance for children with low working memory ability. In addition, participants in Experiment 2 rated the difficulty of the two arrangements and performed a further condition in which they were given an opportunity to freely arrange the blocks before completing the task. Despite performing better in the ordered condition, children with low working memory ability did not rate the ordered arrangement as easier, nor did they choose an ordered arrangement when given the opportunity to do so. This research shows that cognitive offloading can also be a useful process in populations other than typical adults, and the implications of this work for supporting children with poor working memory are discussed. 相似文献
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Richard Rogers Nathan D. Gillard David T. R. Berry Robert P. GranacherJr. 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):355-367
The MMPI and MMPI-2 validity scales have long been accepted as standard tools in the assessment of feigned mental disorders
(FMD) based on their extensive empirical validation. Studies are now examining MMPI-2-RF with modified validity scales plus
the new Infrequent Somatic Responses Scale (FS) and the recently-adapted Response Bias Scale (RBS). The current investigation used a known-groups design to examine the
effectiveness of the MMPI-2-RF for differentiating FMD and feigned cognitive impairment (FCI) from patients with genuine disorders
for a large civil forensic sample. Criterion measures included the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms-2 (SIRS-2) for
the FMD group, and below-chance performances on the Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) and the Test of Memory Malingering
(TOMM) for the FCI group. For FMD, both F-r and FP-r produced very large effect sizes (ds > 2.00). Moreover, the absence of severe elevations (≥80 T) on F-r proved effective at ruling-out most FMD. For the current
study, a FP-r cut score ≥90 T for FMD produced virtually no false-positives (0.01) and only a moderate level of false-alarms. As predicted
by its detection strategies, most MMPI-2-RF validity scales have limited effectiveness with the FCI group. However, FBS-r
and RBS may be useful in conjunction with other clinical data for ruling out FCI for genuine neuropsychological consults.
An entirely separate concern is whether certain diagnostic groups, such as major depression, will have marked elevations on
MMPI-2-RF scales thereby increasing the likelihood of false-positives. On this point, FP-r performed exceptionally well with unelevated scores (Ms < 55 T) consistently across diagnostic categories. 相似文献
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A permutation method is presented to calculate resampling probability values for differences between two independent indices of ordinal variation and consensus. 相似文献
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Permutation procedures to compute exact and resampling probability values associated with measures of association for ordered r x c contingency tables are described. Comparisons with asymptotic probability values demonstrated that exact and resampling permutation procedures were preferred for sparse contingency tables. 相似文献
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Two measures of effect size are described for the Mantel-Haenszel test. Both measures belong to the r-family of effect size measures. One measure is based on a maximum-corrected model, and the second measure is based on a chance-corrected model. 相似文献
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Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short stories “The Birthmark” (1843) and “Rappaccini’s Daughter” (1844) encourage critical thinking about science and scientific research as forms of social power. In this collaborative activity, students work in small groups to discuss the ways in which these stories address questions of human experimentation, gender, manipulation of bodies, and the role of narrative in mediating perceptions about bodies. Students collectively adduce textual evidence from the stories to construct claims and present a mini-argument to the class, thereby strengthening their skills in communication and cooperative interpretation of ethical dilemmas. This exercise is adaptable to shorter and longer periods of instruction, and it is ideal for instructors who collaborate across areas of expertise. 相似文献
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Jennifer S. Ripley Everett L. Worthington Jr Jack W. Berry 《The American journal of family therapy》2013,41(1):39-58
Highly religious couples constitute a substantial portion of marital therapy clients in the U.S. Married Christian individuals ( N = 211) completed a survey of demographics and religiosity (religious values and Christian beliefs). They rated preferences and expectations for one of four marital therapy situations: Christian therapist using Christian practices (e.g., prayer or reference to Scripture), Christian therapist using psychological practices only, non-Christian therapist willing to use Christian practices, and non-Christian therapist using psychological practices only. High religious values and high Christian beliefs predicted ratings of marital therapy situations, where high was defined as one standard deviation above the mean of standardized norm groups. Low to moderate religious values or Christian beliefs did not predict ratings of marital therapy. It was concluded that highly religious couples present a special situation where the marketing, assessment, and practice of marital therapy might differ from therapy with other types of couples. 相似文献
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