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Three experiments on numerical odd/even judgment are presented. In the first experiment, we show that tachistoscopically presented
Arabic primes influence the reaction latencies (RTs) to Arabic targets in two ways: First, RTs to targets are longer when
the prime and the target have a different parity status than when they share the same parity status, and second, on compatible
trials, RTs are longer when the absolute distance between the prime and the target is larger. Experiments 2 and 3 extend the
first finding by showing that the response compatibility effect is also obtained (1) when the primes are not part of the target
set and the participants never reacted to them and (2) when the primes are presented in a different modality (verbal numerals)
than are the targets (Arabic numerals). On the basis of these results, we conclude that, in masked priming, response codes
are automatically activated by stimulus characteristics of the prime and that the activation of response codes is semantically
mediated when the primes are meaningful. 相似文献
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Lucy Blake Alison Rouncefield-Swales Becca Bland Bernie Carter 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2023,23(1):105-114
Many people experience estrangement from a family member, which is broadly understood to refer to negative relationships that are characterised by little or no contact. However, little is known about how people cope with family estrangement. To address this gap, interviews were conducted with 46 participants who identified as being estranged from a parent/sibling and/or child and having sought therapeutic support for this experience. The participants were recruited from a UK-based charity that supports individuals experiencing family estrangement. The participants had a range of experiences of therapeutic support, with most (N = 31, 67%) having paid for private therapy. The data were analysed using thematic analysis, and three themes were generated: (1) finding the missing qualities in estranged family relationships: warmth, validation and safety; (2) speaking the unspoken: addressing the causes and consequences of estrangement; and (3) learning relational skills: improving the relationship with oneself and with others. When the causes of estrangement were addressed in the context of a safe therapeutic relationship, participants learned strategies to improve the relationships they had both with themselves and with others. When participants experienced a cold or unresponsive therapeutic relationship, and the causes and consequences of estrangement were not adequately addressed or understood, counselling was experienced as unhelpful. Individuals who seek therapeutic support for family estrangement have specific needs. Training around these needs and the causes and consequences of estrangement could be beneficial to helping professionals and the clients with whom they work. 相似文献