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271.
Dr. Elena Partschefeld Dipl.-Psych. Bernhard Strauß Michael Geyer Swetlana Philipp 《Psychotherapeut》2013,58(5):438-445
Background
The development of therapeutic skills is an essential therapist-related variable that deserves special attention in the context of the currently increasingly discussed topic of therapeutic failures and discontinuation of therapy.Aim
The study investigated whether the use of simulated patients (SP) in the training of psychotherapists can lead to an increase in therapeutic skills.Material and methods
The use of SP (16 teaching units) was tested in a pre-post comparison with 29 training participants for child and adolescent therapy and analyzed from three perspectives: from the perspective of the SP, the training of participants and rater.Results
The work with SP in psychotherapy training leads to a significant increase in therapeutic skills; however, it requires further research to see if this teaching method is more effective than other approaches to teaching, whether it contributes to long-term changes in therapeutic skills and to what extent the results can be transferred to other therapeutic contexts (except exploration). 相似文献272.
Bernhard Weiss 《International Journal of Philosophical Studies》2013,21(2):229-260
Abstract I argue that a practice can only be taken to be one of apparent rule following if it contains a practice of policing moves within the practice. So the existence of an apparently rule‐governed practice entails the existence of, what I call, a policing practice. I then argue that this entailment cannot be reconciled with a non‐factualist construal of the policing practice. Thus non‐factualism about the policing practice is false. Factualism about the policing practice entails realism about rules. So I conclude that we ought to be realists about rules. Finally I distinguish a position which I call ultra‐realism about rules and note that this too is a casualty of the view developed here. 相似文献
273.
Hommel B 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2004,8(11):494-500
The primate brain codes perceived events in a distributed fashion, which raises the question of how the codes referring to the same event are related to each other. Recent findings suggest that they are integrated into 'object files', episodic bindings of object-related information. However, the problem of integrating distributed codes is not restricted to perception but applies to action planning and sensorimotor processing as well. Here I argue that the brain addresses these problems by creating multi-layered networks of bindings - 'event files' - that temporarily link codes of perceptual events, the current task context, and the actions performed therein. These bindings produce systematic but often surprising and counter-intuitive interactions between, and impairments in, perception and action planning. 相似文献
274.
Bernhard Hommel 《Visual cognition》2013,21(2-3):119-144
Abstract Subjects responded to five-symbol strings consisting of a central target, one or two compatible or incompatible flankers, and neutral symbols in the remaining positions. Performance strongly depended on the position of compatible or incompatible flankers. With normal letters, left-side flankers had a much larger impact than right-side flankers. This left-side asymmetry of the flanker compatibility effect disappeared with strings composed of spaced letters or of tiny pictures and tended to turn into a right-side asymmetry with vertically mirrored letters. These results seem to indicate the operation of attentional scanning processes. Flankers may be scanned either automatically, due to a reading-like habit, or strategically, in attempting to localize the target. 相似文献
275.
In four experiments, participants made a speeded manual response to a tone and concurrently selected a cued visual target from a masked display for later unspeeded report. In contrast toaprevious study of H.Pashler (1991), systematic interactions between the two tasks were obtained. First, accuracy in both tasks decreased with decreasing stimulus (tone-display)-onset asynchrony (SOA)— presumably due to a conflict between stimulus and response coding. Second, spatial correspondence between manual response and visual target produced better performance in the visual task and, with short SOAs, in the tone task, too— presumably due to the overlap of the spatial codes used by stimulus- and response-selection processes. Third, manual responding slowed down with increasing SOA — reflecting either a functional bottleneck or strategic queuing of target selection and response selection. Results suggest that visual stimulus selection and manual response selection are distinct mechanisms that operate on common representations. 相似文献
276.
Dorothe A. Poggel Eva M. Mueller-Oehring Erich Kasten Ulrike Bunzenthal Bernhard A. Sabel 《Visual cognition》2013,21(8):1059-1077
The cognitive representation of blind regions varies considerably between patients with vision loss and may influence compensatory behaviour and treatment motivation. We therefore measured “objective” visual field topography (perimetry) in 19 patients with postgeniculate visual system lesions and related this to the subjective scotoma representation as expressed by patients’ drawings of the defect and monitored changes of these measures during training-induced recovery of function. Blind regions were mostly adequately represented; however, central regions were overestimated and peripheral areas underestimated in size. Perimetric and subjective defect size decreased significantly during training. Again, training-induced visual field border shifts in central regions were larger in subjective than in perimetric maps but vice versa in the peripheral field. Thus, vision restoration therapy improves “objective” visual field size along with its cognitive representation. The subjective topography is shaped by the functional importance of visual field regions and is a function of cortical magnification, thus resembling the neural representation in visual cortex. 相似文献
277.
Two experiments studied the emergence of bindings between stimulus features (object files) and between stimulus and response features (event files) over time. Choice responses (R2) were signalled by the shape of a stimulus (S2) that followed another stimulus (S1) of the same or different shape, location, and colour. S1 did not require a response (Experiment 1) or trigger a precued simple response (R1) that was or was not repeated by R2 (Experiment 2). Results demonstrate that the mere cooccurrence of stimulus features, and of stimuli and responses, is sufficient to bind their codes. Bindings emerge quickly and remain intact for at least four seconds. Which features are considered depends on their task‐relevance; hence, integration reflects the current attentional set. There was no consistent trend toward higher order interactions as a function of time or of the amount of attention devoted to S1, suggesting that features are not integrated into a single, global superstructure, but enter independent local bindings presumably subserving different functions. 相似文献
278.
Neuropsychological research in patients with affective disorders shows heterogeneous results with regard to the severity and
profile of cognitive impairments. In this paper we hypothesize that the investigation of clinical (subtypes, comorbidity,
traumatization, personality, severity, diurnal swings, course, duration, age of onset, biased processing, rumination, motivation,
experience of failure, sleep, suicidal tendencies, computer attitudes), demographic (age, education, gender) and neurobiological
factors (structural and functional brain changes, glucocorticoids, medication, ECT) that are related to cognitive performance
has specified the understanding of severity and profile of neuropsychological impairments. We reviewed the literature pertaining
to clinical, demographic and neurobiological factors following Pubmed and PsychInfo databases using different combinations
of general key-terms including “Affective Disorder,” “Depression,” “Mania,” “Neuropsychological,” “Neurobiological,” “Moderator,”
and “Review” as well as more specific demographic, clinical and neurobiological search terms. Findings from the literature
show that the consideration of these factors has improved knowledge about the severity of neuropsychological impairments in
patients with affective disorders whereas the neuropsychological profile is still poorly understood. Despite limited understanding,
however, the existent results provide promising suggestions for the development of treatment programs. 相似文献
279.
Berger T Caspar F Richardson R Kneubühler B Sutter D Andersson G 《Behaviour research and therapy》2011,(3):158-169
Internet-based self-help for social phobia with minimal therapist support via email have shown efficacy in several controlled trials by independent research teams. The role and necessity of therapist guidance is, however, still largely unclear. The present study compared the benefits of a 10-week web-based unguided self-help treatment for social phobia with the same intervention complemented with minimal, although weekly, therapist support via email. Further, a third treatment arm was included, in which the level of support was flexibly stepped up, from no support to email or telephone contact, on demand of the participants. Eighty-one individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for social phobia were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. Primary outcome measures were self-report measures of symptoms of social phobia. Secondary outcome measures included symptoms of depression, interpersonal problems, and general symptomatology. Measures were taken at baseline, post-treatment, and at 6-month follow-up. Data from a telephone-administered diagnostic interview conducted at post-treatment were also included. Results showed significant symptom reductions in all three treatment groups with large effect sizes for primary social phobia measures (Cohen’s d = 1.47) and for secondary outcome measures (d = 1.16). No substantial and significant between-groups effects were found on any of the measures (Cohen’s d = 00–.36). Moreover, no difference between the three conditions was found regarding diagnosis-free status, clinically significant change, dropout rates, or adherence measures such as lessons or exercises completed. These findings indicate that Internet-delivered treatment for social phobia is a promising treatment option, whether no support is provided or with two different types of therapist guidance. 相似文献
280.
Emanuele Castano Bernhard Leidner Alain Bonacossa John Nikkah Rachel Perrulli Bettina Spencer Nicholas Humphrey 《Political psychology》2011,32(4):601-621
Ideological beliefs have long attracted the attention of social psychologists, who have investigated their genesis as well as their influence on a host of social phenomena. Conservatism, from the Motivated Social Cognition framework, stems from epistemic and existential needs of the individual, and notably the fear of death. However, Terror Management Theory proposes a view of conservatism and its contrary, liberalism, as equivalent cultural worldviews, equally fit to fulfill such needs. In the present contribution, results are presented from five studies, which test the contrasting hypotheses derived from these two perspectives. A new perspective is considered that accounts for these and previous findings. 相似文献