In serial stage models, perception and action are usually thought to be linked to each other by an S-R translation mechanism. However, phenomena of S-R compatibility suggest a more direct relationship between perceptual and action domains. We discuss behavioral and psychophysiological evidence that irrelevant stimulus information automatically activates response codes, but then decays over time.
In a series of reaction time studies and electrophysiological experiments, we investigated both temporal and functional properties of the assumed automatic response activation process. We found that the amount of interference due to irrelevant spatial information depends upon how long its availability precedes that of the information relevant for response selection. This indicates that response activation decays rather quickly. If response-relevant and irrelevant spatial information are simultaneously available, electrophysiological measurements show that automatic activation of the spatially corresponding response rises soon after stimulus onset, but then dissipates and gets replaced by the activation of the response indicated by the relevant stimulus attribute.
We conclude that these findings do not support a pure translation account, but rather suggest the presence of two parallel and (at least partially) independent routes from perception to action: A direct route, allowing for automatic activation of response codes if stimulus and response features overlap, and an indirect route linking S and R codes in an arbitrary manner. Via the direct route responses may be primed independent of task-specific contingencies, while the correct response is selected via the indirect route. This use suggests that (a) the transmission of stimulus information to response stages does not (fully) depend on task relevance and that (b) different stimulus features can be transmitted asynchronously and independently from one another. 相似文献
It has been claimed that bilingualism enhances inhibitory control, but the available evidence is equivocal. The authors evaluated several possible versions of the inhibition hypothesis by comparing monolinguals and bilinguals with regard to stop signal performance, inhibition of return, and the attentional blink. These three phenomena, it can be argued, tap into different aspects of inhibition. Monolinguals and bilinguals did not differ in stop signal reaction time and thus were comparable in terms of active-inhibitory efficiency. However, bilinguals showed no facilitation from spatial cues, showed a strong inhibition of return effect, and exhibited a more pronounced attentional blink. These results suggest that bilinguals do not differ from monolinguals in terms of active inhibition but have acquired a better ability to maintain action goals and to use them to bias goal-related information. Under some circumstances, this ability may indirectly lead to more pronounced reactive inhibition of irrelevant information. 相似文献
Exemplar theories of categorization depend on similarity for explaining subjects’ ability to generalize to new stimuli. A
major criticism of exemplar theories concerns their lack of abstraction mechanisms and thus, seemingly, of generalization
ability. Here, we use insights from machine learning to demonstrate that exemplar models can actually generalize very well.
Kernel methods in machine learning are akin to exemplar models and are very successful in real-world applications. Their generalization
performance depends crucially on the chosen similarity measure. Although similarity plays an important role in describing
generalization behavior, it is not the only factor that controls generalization performance. In machine learning, kernel methods
are often combined with regularization techniques in order to ensure good generalization. These same techniques are easily
incorporated in exemplar models. We show that the generalized context model (Nosofsky, 1986) and ALCOVE (Kruschke, 1992) are
closely related to a statistical model called kernel logistic regression. We argue that generalization is central to the enterprise of understanding categorization behavior, and we suggest some
ways in which insights from machine learning can offer guidance. 相似文献
Understanding how the human brain integrates features of perceived events calls for the examination of binding processes within
and across different modalities and domains. Recent studies of feature-repetition effects have demonstrated interactions between
shape, color, and location in the visual modality and between pitch, loudness, and location in the auditory modality: repeating
one feature is beneficial if other features are also repeated, but detrimental if not. These partial-repetition costs suggest
that co-occurring features are spontaneously bound into temporary event files. Here, we investigated whether these observations
can be extended to features from different sensory modalities, combining visual and auditory features in Experiment 1 and
auditory and tactile features in Experiment 2. The same types of interactions, as for unimodal feature combinations, were
obtained including interactions between stimulus and response features. However, the size of the interactions varied with
the particular combination of features, suggesting that the salience of features and the temporal overlap between feature-code
activations plays a mediating role. 相似文献
The age-correlated gains and losses in visual identification under backward pattern masking were studied in a representative
sample of 226 individuals ranging from 6 to 88 years of age. Participants identified masked symbols at leisure under high
and low stimulus quality and at varying Stimulus Onset Asynchronies. Performance increased from childhood to early adulthood
and then decreased, describing the common inverted U-shaped function. However, measures of general processing speed accounted
for the gains in childhood and adolescence but not for losses in older age. This asymmetry between child development and aging
is inconsistent with general-factor lifespan theories of cognitive development and suggests that specific mechanisms underlying
visual identification during child development and aging are different. 相似文献
There is limited research into the situations of people living with precarious status in Canada, which includes people whose
legal status is in-process, undocumented, or unauthorized, many of whom entered the country with a temporary resident visa,
through family sponsorship arrangements, or as refugee claimants. In 2005, a community-university alliance sought to carry
out a research study of the lived experiences of people living with precarious status. In this paper, we describe our negotiation
of the ethics review process at a Canadian university and the ethical, legal, and methodological issues that emerged. Although
being able to guarantee our participants complete confidentiality was essential to the viability of the project due to their
vulnerability to detention or deportation, we discovered that the Canadian legal framework limited us to being able to offer
them confidentiality “to the fullest extent possible by law.” One way to overcome this conflict would have been through the
construction of a Wigmore defence, in which we would document that the research would not be possible without assurance of
our participants’ confidentiality. Such a defence would be tested in court if our research records were subpoenaed by immigration
enforcement authorities. Rather than take the risk that this defence would not be successful and would result in our participants
being deported, we altered the research methods from using multiple interviews to establish trust (which would have required
that we store participants’ contact information) to meeting participants only once to discuss their experiences of living
with precarious legal status in Canada. Our encounter with the ‘myth of confidentiality’ raised questions about the policing
of knowledge production. 相似文献
People can intentionally forget previously studied material if, after study, a forget cue is provided and new material is learned. It has recently been suggested that such list-method directed forgetting arises because the forget cue induces a change in internal context and causes context-dependent forgetting of the studied material (L. Sahakyan & C. M. Kelley, 2002). The authors compared directed forgetting and context-dependent forgetting by examining whether, like a forget cue, a change in internal context needs subsequent learning of new material to be effective. Participants studied an item list and, after study, received a remember cue or a forget cue or their internal context was changed through an imagination task. In each condition, half the participants learned a second list, and the other half fulfilled an unrelated distractor task. Both the forget cue and the change in internal context induced forgetting of the first list only when learning of the second list was interpolated. These results suggest that postcue encoding of new material is crucial for both directed forgetting and (some forms of) context-dependent forgetting. 相似文献
Robust and effortless spatial orientation critically relies on "automatic and obligatory spatial updating", a largely automatized and reflex-like process that transforms our mental egocentric representation of the immediate surroundings during ego-motions. A rapid pointing paradigm was used to assess automatic/obligatory spatial updating after visually displayed upright rotations with or without concomitant physical rotations using a motion platform. Visual stimuli displaying a natural, subject-known scene proved sufficient for enabling automatic and obligatory spatial updating, irrespective of concurrent physical motions. This challenges the prevailing notion that visual cues alone are insufficient for enabling such spatial updating of rotations, and that vestibular/proprioceptive cues are both required and sufficient. Displaying optic flow devoid of landmarks during the motion and pointing phase was insufficient for enabling automatic spatial updating, but could not be entirely ignored either. Interestingly, additional physical motion cues hardly improved performance, and were insufficient for affording automatic spatial updating. The results are discussed in the context of the mental transformation hypothesis and the sensorimotor interference hypothesis, which associates difficulties in imagined perspective switches to interference between the sensorimotor and cognitive (to-be-imagined) perspective. 相似文献