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321.
Dr. Elena Partschefeld Dipl.-Psych. Bernhard Strauß Michael Geyer Swetlana Philipp 《Psychotherapeut》2013,58(5):438-445
Background
The development of therapeutic skills is an essential therapist-related variable that deserves special attention in the context of the currently increasingly discussed topic of therapeutic failures and discontinuation of therapy.Aim
The study investigated whether the use of simulated patients (SP) in the training of psychotherapists can lead to an increase in therapeutic skills.Material and methods
The use of SP (16 teaching units) was tested in a pre-post comparison with 29 training participants for child and adolescent therapy and analyzed from three perspectives: from the perspective of the SP, the training of participants and rater.Results
The work with SP in psychotherapy training leads to a significant increase in therapeutic skills; however, it requires further research to see if this teaching method is more effective than other approaches to teaching, whether it contributes to long-term changes in therapeutic skills and to what extent the results can be transferred to other therapeutic contexts (except exploration). 相似文献322.
323.
Lorenza S. Colzato Roberta Sellaro Claudia Rossi Paccani Bernhard Hommel 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2014,76(6):1510-1515
Increasing evidence suggests that `aromas have distinctive effects on the allocation of attention in space: Arousing olfactory fragrances (e.g., peppermint) are supposed to induce a more focused state, and calming olfactory fragrances (e.g., lavender) a broader attentional state. Here, we investigate whether odors have similar effects on the allocation of attention in time. Participants performed the attentional blink (AB) task, known to produce a deficit in reporting the second of two target stimuli presented in close succession in a rapid sequence of distractors, while being exposed to either a peppermint or a lavender aroma. In two experiments using a between-subjects and a within-subjects design, respectively, we show that the two odors have specific effects on attentional control: As compared with the calming lavender aroma, the arousing peppermint condition yielded a larger AB. Our results demonstrate that attentional control is systematically modulated by factors that induce a more or a less distributed state of mind. 相似文献
324.
Tomasi Roland Klemm Mathias Hinske Christian Ludwig Hulde Nikolai Schramm René Zwißler Bernhard von Dossow Vera 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2022,29(1):103-112
Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings - In this prospective observational pilot study patients with the diagnosis of end-stage lung disease and listed for lung transplantation... 相似文献
325.
Liu Guanyu Isbell Linda M. Constantino Michael J. Leidner Bernhard 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2022,23(7):3605-3623
Journal of Happiness Studies - The quiet ego—a personality construct characterized by empathy, inclusivity, non-defensiveness, and growth-mindedness in self-other relations—correlates... 相似文献
326.
Neuropsychological research in patients with affective disorders shows heterogeneous results with regard to the severity and
profile of cognitive impairments. In this paper we hypothesize that the investigation of clinical (subtypes, comorbidity,
traumatization, personality, severity, diurnal swings, course, duration, age of onset, biased processing, rumination, motivation,
experience of failure, sleep, suicidal tendencies, computer attitudes), demographic (age, education, gender) and neurobiological
factors (structural and functional brain changes, glucocorticoids, medication, ECT) that are related to cognitive performance
has specified the understanding of severity and profile of neuropsychological impairments. We reviewed the literature pertaining
to clinical, demographic and neurobiological factors following Pubmed and PsychInfo databases using different combinations
of general key-terms including “Affective Disorder,” “Depression,” “Mania,” “Neuropsychological,” “Neurobiological,” “Moderator,”
and “Review” as well as more specific demographic, clinical and neurobiological search terms. Findings from the literature
show that the consideration of these factors has improved knowledge about the severity of neuropsychological impairments in
patients with affective disorders whereas the neuropsychological profile is still poorly understood. Despite limited understanding,
however, the existent results provide promising suggestions for the development of treatment programs. 相似文献
327.
Emanuele Castano Bernhard Leidner Alain Bonacossa John Nikkah Rachel Perrulli Bettina Spencer Nicholas Humphrey 《Political psychology》2011,32(4):601-621
Ideological beliefs have long attracted the attention of social psychologists, who have investigated their genesis as well as their influence on a host of social phenomena. Conservatism, from the Motivated Social Cognition framework, stems from epistemic and existential needs of the individual, and notably the fear of death. However, Terror Management Theory proposes a view of conservatism and its contrary, liberalism, as equivalent cultural worldviews, equally fit to fulfill such needs. In the present contribution, results are presented from five studies, which test the contrasting hypotheses derived from these two perspectives. A new perspective is considered that accounts for these and previous findings. 相似文献
328.
Previous work showed that language has an important function for the development of action control. This study examined the
role of verbal processes for action–effect learning in 4-year-old children. Participants performed an acquisition phase including
a two-choice key-pressing task in which each key press (action) was followed by a particular sound (effect). Children were
instructed to either (1) label their actions along with the corresponding effects, (2) verbalize task-irrelevant words, (3)
or perform without verbalization. In a subsequent test phase, they responded to the same sound effects either under consistent
or under inconsistent sound-key mappings. Evidence for action–effect learning was obtained only if action and effects were
labeled or if no verbalization was performed, but not if children verbalized task-irrelevant labels. Importantly, action–effect
learning was most pronounced when children verbalized the actions and the corresponding effects, suggesting that task-relevant
verbal labeling supports the integration of event representations. 相似文献
329.
Conceptual knowledge is acquired through recurrent experiences, by extracting statistical regularities at different levels of granularity. At a fine level, patterns of feature co-occurrence are categorized into objects. At a coarser level, patterns of concept co-occurrence are categorized into contexts. We present and test CONCAT, a connectionist model that simultaneously learns to categorize objects and contexts. The model contains two hierarchically organized CALM modules (Murre, Phaf, & Wolters, 1992). The first module, the Object Module, forms object representations based on co-occurrences between features. These representations are used as input for the second module, the Context Module, which categorizes contexts based on object co-occurrences. Feedback connections from the Context Module to the Object Module send activation from the active context to those objects that frequently occur within this context. We demonstrate that context feedback contributes to the successful categorization of objects, especially when bottom-up feature information is degraded or ambiguous. 相似文献
330.
Previous research has shown that emotional stimuli are more likely than neutral stimuli to be selected by attention, indicating that the processing of emotional information is prioritized. In this study, we examined whether the emotional significance of stimuli influences visual processing already at the level of transient storage of incoming information in iconic memory, before attentional selection takes place. We used a typical iconic memory task in which the delay of a poststimulus cue, indicating which of several visual stimuli has to be reported, was varied. Performance decreased rapidly with increasing cue delay, reflecting the fast decay of information stored in iconic memory. However, although neutral stimulus information and emotional stimulus information were initially equally likely to enter iconic memory, the subsequent decay of the initially stored information was slowed for threatening stimuli, a result indicating that fear-relevant information has prolonged availability for read-out from iconic memory. This finding provides the first evidence that emotional significance already facilitates stimulus processing at the stage of iconic memory. 相似文献