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131.
132.
Michelle Chan Bernhard Ross Guy Earle Jeremy B. Caplan 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(5):945-951
Memory often requires knowledge of the order of events. Previous findings about immediate judgments of relative order in short,
subspan lists are variable regarding whether participants’ strategy is to search memory in the forward direction, starting
from the first list item and progressing toward the end item, or in the backward direction, starting from the end item and
progressing toward the start. We asked whether wording of the instructions influences participants’ search direction. Participants
studied sequences of three to six consonants, and for an immediate, two-item probe of each list, judged which probe was presented
earlier (“earlier” instruction) or later (“later” instruction) on the list. Forward and backward searches were supported for
“earlier” and “later” instructions, respectively. Our findings suggest that participants have more than one effective strategy
for order judgments in short lists, and that subtle instructional differences can bias memory search in either the forward
or backward direction. 相似文献
133.
Recent studies have demonstrated motivation gains of low performing group members even beyond the level of an individual work baseline (e.g., Weber and Hertel, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93:973–993, 2007). We expected that the underlying mechanisms of these motivation gains, i.e., social indispensability and social competition, are moderated by individuals’ gender. Moreover, these gender effects were assumed to be moderated by partner anonymity. Predictions were tested with mostly undergraduate German students (N?=?213) working in same-gender groups in a computer-supported environment. Results revealed that motivation gains due to social indispensability were more likely for women, whereas motivation gains due to social competition were more likely for men. Furthermore, women compared to men showed higher motivation gains in anonymous conditions compared to conditions with an acquainted partner. 相似文献
134.
Shu-Chen Li Dorothea Hämmerer Viktor Müller Bernhard Hommel Ulman Lindenberger 《Psychological research》2009,73(6):777-785
Age gradient of the mechanism of stimulus-response conflict cost was investigated in a population-based representative sample
of 291 individuals, covering the age range from 6 to 89 years. Stimulus-response conflict cost, indicated by the amount of
additional processing time required when there is a conflict between stimulus and response options, follows a U-shaped function
across the lifespan. Lifespan age gradient of conflict cost parallels closely those of processing fluctuation and fluid intelligence.
Individuals at both ends of the lifespan displayed a greater amount of processing fluctuation and at the same time a larger
amount of conflict cost and a lower level of fluid intelligence. After controlling for chronological age and baseline processing
speed, conflict cost continues to correlate significantly with fluid intelligence in adulthood and old age and with processing
fluctuation in old age. The relation between processing fluctuation and conflict cost in old age lends further support for
the neuromodulation of neuronal noise theory of cognitive aging as well as for theories of dopaminergic modulation of conflict
monitoring. 相似文献
135.
Three experiments examined the temporal dynamics of the impact of symbols with task-irrelevant spatial meanings on attentional control. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants were color-cued to report the first letter they saw in the left or right of two parallel letter streams. The cue appeared in the shape of an arrow pointing to the target stream (compatible) or to the other stream (incompatible). Incompatible arrows delayed letter selection; that is, participants reported later-appearing letters and made more errors. In Experiment 3, the target stream was cued in advance, and yet, incompatible symbols delayed target selection. These findings suggest that the irrelevant meaning of symbolic stimuli can still penetrate and bias attentional top-down control, an observation that challenges available control theories. 相似文献
136.
Zusammenfassung
W?hrend im ersten Teil der übersicht über die Relevanz der Bindungstheorie Grundlagen und Methoden der Bindungsforschung skizziert
wurden, werden nun die m?glichen Implikationen der Theorie für die Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik er?rtert. überlegungen
zur allgemeinen klinischen Relevanz und zum Verh?ltnis der Bindungstheorie zur Psychoanalyse bilden die Basis für die Darstellung
konkreter Anwendungen von Ergebnissen der Bindungsforschung in der therapeutischen Praxis. Es folgen zusammenfassende Darstellungen
von Untersuchungen, die sich mit der Bedeutung von Bindungscharakteristika für die Entwicklung psychosomatischer St?rungen
und die Krankheits- bzw. Stre?verarbeitung befassen sowie von Studien, in denen Bindungscharakteristika psychischen St?rungen
zugeordnet wurden. Schlie?lich wird die Bedeutung der Theorie für die Psychotherapie und die Psychotherapieforschung dargestellt.
相似文献
137.
Previous work indicates that action-control processes influence perceptual processes: The identification probability of a left- or right-pointing arrow is reduced when it appears during the execution of a compatible left-right-key press (Müsseler & Hommel, in press). The present study addresses the question of whether this effect would also be observed in a detection task—that is, with judgments that do not require discriminating between left- and right-pointing arrows. Indeed, we found comparable effects in both the identification task and the detection task. This outcome is interpreted within a commoncoding framework, which holds that stimulus processing and action control operate on the same codes. 相似文献
138.
Three experiments investigated the extent to which semantic and working-memory deficits contribute to Alzheimer patients' impairments in producing and comprehending referring expressions. In Experiment 1, the spontaneous speech of 11 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) contained a greater ratio of pronouns to full noun phrases than did the spontaneous speech produced by 9 healthy controls. Experiments 2 and 3 used a cross-modal naming methodology to compare reference comprehension in another group of 10 patients and 10 age-matched controls. In Experiment 2, patients were less sensitive than healthy controls to the grammatical information necessary for processing pronouns. In Experiment 3, patients were better able to remember referent information in short paragraphs when reference was maintained with full noun phrases rather than pronouns, but healthy controls showed the reverse pattern. Performance in all three experiments was linked to working memory performance but not to word finding difficulty. We discuss these findings in terms of a theory of reference processing, the Informational Load Hypothesis, which views referential impairments in AD as the consequence of normal discourse processing in the context of a working memory impairment. 相似文献
139.
Visual-manual commonality was studied in terms of commonality of process and commonality of achievement. Fifty-four Ss madelarge-small categorical judgments about a set of stimuli presented in counterbalanced order through both the visual modality and the haptic, touch, or kinesthetic modality. Using a linear discriminant function model, analyses of the several visual-manual pairings were made on the basis of intra-S absolute differences in the weighting of the physical dimensions (process) and the degree of category separation (achievement). A correlational analysis revealed the independence of these measures, and analyses of variance revealed greater visual-haptic commonality for weighting systems and similar visual-haptic and visual-touch commonality for category separation. The results were interpreted in terms of similarities and differences in information gathering and processing characteristics. 相似文献
140.
Comprehension of familiar phrases by left- but not by right-hemisphere damaged patients 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Single words, familiar phrases (idioms and speech formulas), and novel sentences (matched to the familiar phrases in length, frequency, and structure) were selected for a picture-matching auditory comprehension task and administered to left- and right-brain damaged (LBD, RBD) subjects. The groups did not differ in single word comprehension. A 2 x 2 ANOVA revealed opposite patterns on the two other tasks, with LBD subjects performing worse on novel than familiar phrases, and RBD subject impaired on familiar phrase but not on novel sentence comprehension. The role of grammatical/referential vs. holistic/inferential meaning in left and right hemisphere function is discussed. 相似文献