Instrumental Outcome Devaluation Is Attenuated by the Anti-emetic Ondansetron

In three experiments we assessed the effect of an anti-emetic, the selective S-HT antagonist ondansetron, on (1) the conditioning of a taste aversion using lithium chloride (LiCl); (2) the expression of that aversion; and (3) instrumental outcome-devaluation effects. In Experiment 1 it was found that ondansetron reduced the aversion induced by LiCl when administered prior to the LiCl injection and also attenuated the expression of that aversion when administered prior to test sessions. In Experiments 2 and 3, thirsty rats were trained, in a single session, to lever press and chain pull for sucrose and saline solutions concurrently before being injected with LiCl. They were then re-exposed to both solutions, one after injection of vehicle and the other after injection of ondansetron. In a choice extinction test on the levers and chains, animals performed more of the action whose training outcome was re-exposed under ondansetron than the other action, whether the test was conducted after an injection of vehicle or after one of ondansetron.     

Social sharing of emotion following exposure to a negatively valenced situation

Three experimental studies are reported in which we tested the prediction that negative emotion elicits the social sharing of the emotional experience. In two experiments, participants arrived at the laboratory with a friend and then viewed one of three film excerpts (nonemotional, moderate emotion, or intense emotion) alone. Afterwards, the participants who saw the film had an opportunity to interact with the friend and their conversation was recorded. In both experiments participants who had seen the intense emotion excerpt engaged in significantly more social sharing than did participants in the other two conditions. A third experiment extended the investigation to social sharing in everyday life and replicated the previous results. Nonemotional explanations of the effects observed were also ruled out. Results are discussed in the context of the relation between emotional intensity and amount of social sharing.     

BOOK REVIEW

Chang, Leo S. and Yu Feng, The Four Political Treatises of the Yellow Emperor
Yates, Robin D. S., Five Lost Classics: Tao, Huang-Lao, and Yin-Yang in Hun China