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271.
Developmental, learning, and behavioral disabilities are a significant public health problem. Environmental chemicals can interfere with brain development during critical periods, thereby impacting sensory, motor, and cognitive function. Because regulation in the United States is based on limited testing protocols and essentially requires proof of harm rather than proof of lack of harm, some undefined fraction of these disabilities may reflect adverse impacts of this "vast toxicological experiment" (H. L. Needleman, as quoted in B. Weiss & P. J. Landrigan, 2000, p. 373). Yet the hazards of environmental pollutants are inherently preventable. Psychologists can help prevent developmental disabilities by mobilizing and affecting public policy, educating and informing consumers, contributing to interdisciplinary research efforts, and taking action within their own homes and communities to reduce the toxic threat to children. 相似文献
272.
273.
In three experiments we tested the ability of children aged 8 to 12 years and adults to locate a target in an optic texture flow projected onto the ground. During the exposure phase, a static target (diode) was lit up at 6 m or 8 m on the ground in front of the subject. During the pointing phase, the subject was asked to indicate the perceived location of the target with a laser pointer as soon as the target was switched off. In the first experiment, during both phases the optic texture (environment) was either motionless or approaching the subject. Results showed that target locations were significantly more underestimated within the moving texture than within the still texture. In the second experiment, a detailed error analysis showed that the differences of performance between children and adults were not due to differences in eye height. Errors can be described by a linear fit with the retinal speed of the optic flow surrounding the targets. Distance judgments improved from the age of 8 years onwards. In the last experiment we found the same kind of results with a receding texture and without stimulation in central vision. Results are discussed in terms of subject's capacity to compensate for the effect of linear vection produced by the optic flow. 相似文献
274.
275.
Whom would you rather help: an acquaintance not responsible for her plight or a responsible sibling?
When 2 persons--an acquaintance who could not have avoided a problem and a close relative who is responsible for her own plight--ask for help, attribution theory and sociobiology conflict about who will receive help. Attribution theorists assume that the nonresponsible acquaintance will be supported, but sociobiologists argue that the responsible sibling will receive help. The authors tested the hypothesis that characteristics of the situation affect which theory better predicts help giving. The results confirmed that in situations that do not affect life and death, a nonresponsible acquaintance would receive more help than a responsible sibling. But in life-or-death situations, inasmuch as the reproductive fitness of the person in need is in danger, a responsible sibling would be supported more than a nonresponsible acquaintance. 相似文献
276.
277.
Bernard Comrie 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1999,28(5):457-466
The notion of grammatical gender is defined and criteria for assigning nouns to genders are discussed, in particular semantic and formal criteria. Data from child language acquisition show that both semantic and formal criteria can be the basis of children's overgeneralizations, although the question of to what extent more opaque semantic or formal gender assignment criteria are available to children remains to be ascertained. 相似文献
278.
Gender Differences in Cheating Attitudes and Classroom Cheating Behavior: A Meta-Analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although academic dishonesty is a major problemin American colleges and universities, relatively littleresearch has investigated gender differences incheating. Based on the differential socialization theory of gender differences in moral reasoning(e.g., Chodorow, 1989; Gilligan, 1982) we expected that,compared to women, men would report more favorableattitudes toward cheating and more cheating behavior. We conducted a meta-analysis that included 8studies of gender differences in attitudes towardcheating, 34 studies of gender differences in cheatingbehavior, and 6 studies that investigated both attitudes and behavior. Although the mean effect size forgender differences in attitudes was of moderatemagnitude, equivalent to a correlation of r = .21, themean effect size for behavior was small, equivalent to r = .08. Behavior effect sizes also varied asa function of field of study, method of data collection,and country in which the study was conducted. We discussthe implications of our results for future research on gender differences in academicdishonesty. 相似文献
279.
The American Journal of Psychoanalysis - 相似文献
280.
Tim A. Ahles John B. Martin Bernard Gaulier Holly L. Cassens Marie L. Andres Mohammed Shariff 《Behaviour research and therapy》1988,26(6):519-525
Electromyographic (EMG) and temporal artery vasomotor activity was evaluated in three groups of headache patients (tension, migraine and combined) and nonheadache control subjects while in reclining, sitting and standing positions. Analysis of the EMG data revealed that at all measurement sites (bilateral frontalis, bilateral trapezius) the three headache groups demonstrated significantly higher levels than the nonheadache group but did not differ from each other. A secondary analysis of the trapezius EMG data revealed that a large percentage of headache patients had “normal” EMG levels in the reclining position but showed abnormalities in the sitting and standing positions. Analysis of the left temporal artery vasomotor activity revealed that all three headache groups vasoconstricted to a significantly greater extent than the nonheadache group in the sitting and standing positions. However, a diagnosis by position interaction was found for the right temporal artery with the migraine group demonstrating a unique pattern of activity. 相似文献