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881.
Irene Hanson Frieze Bernard E. Whitley Jr. Barbara Hartman Hanusa Maureen C. McHugh 《Sex roles》1982,8(4):333-343
Three basic models of attributional sex differences are reviewed: General Externality, Self-Derogation, and Low Expectancy. Although all of the models predict that women are unlikely to attribute their successes to ability, the models were quite different in other predictions. A meta-analysis of 21 studies examining sex differences in success-failure attributions was done to determine which of these three models had the most empirical support. Wording of attribution questions was also assessed. Results indicated only two consistent sex differences: Men make stronger ability attributions than women regardless of the outcome when informational attributional wording is used; and men attribute their successes and failures less to luck. Empirically, none of the models was well supported. 相似文献
882.
Group psychotherapy with borderline patients is challenging work. A group in which the core of patients falls within this nosological category is described. The phrase reinterpretive distortion is used to characterize an aspect of these patients' communication style which makes their effective treatment quite difficult. Examples of the phenomenon are offered, as is an explanation of the dynamics which give rise to it and the functions it seems to serve. Effective ways to deal with reinterpretive distortions in the group psychotherapy context are suggested. 相似文献
883.
Jerome L. Schulman Bernard G. Suran Theodore M. Stevens Mary Jo Kupst 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1979,12(3):441-447
The biomotometer, an electronic device which simultaneously measures motor activity and provides auditory feedback, was used in combination with material reinforcers in an experiment to reduce children's activity level in a classroom setting. Subjects were nine boys and two girls, aged 9–13, from a day hospital program for emotionally disturbed children. After five baseline trials, each child had five contingent reinforcement trials in which he/she received feedback “beeps” from the biomotometer and was given toy or candy rewards after each trial in which activity fell at least 20% below mean baseline level. Then five noncontingent reinforcement trials were run in which children received rewards for wearing the apparatus without the feedback attachment. Results indicated that the intervention “package,” including instructions, feedback, and contingent reinforcement, was successful in all five trials for 8 of 11 children. Activity levels increased during the final noncontingent phase. 相似文献
884.
Bernard Silverman 《Journal of School Psychology》1979,17(3):255-259
The average grade equivalent reading comprehension scores of students in 50 black schools were compared to those of students in 50 white schools under two forms of test administration. Traditional grade level testing resulted in smaller group differences between blacks' and whites' scores than the apparently more valid ability level testing technique. It was concluded that the use of grade level testing with the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills is biased in favor of low scoring subgroups. 相似文献
885.
J M Harrison 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1979,32(2):167-181
Naive rats were trained to respond on one lever in the presence of noise bursts from one speaker and on a second lever in the presence of noise bursts from a second speaker. The speakers were mounted behind the levers. When responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker was reinforced, control developed within fewer than five trials. When responding on the nonadjacent lever was selectively reinforced, responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability for several sessions. Naive rats were trained to respond on the nonadjacent lever following preexposure to the sound. Responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability, showing that novelty was not responsible for the effect. Naive rats were run on automaintenance procedures in which there was no explicit pairing of sound and magazine operation, 100% pairing of sound and magazine operation, or magazine operation following 40% of sound presentations. None of the rats acquired the response of approaching and sniffing the sounding speaker, indicating that sound-magazine pairing was not responsible for the effect. 相似文献
886.
D. E. Anderson R. L. Ray S. Lease G. E. Billman D. C. Randall O. A. Smith C. A. Astley D. F. Taylor J. S. Turkkan A. H. Harris O. J. Andy V. Read A. Cowley D. Peeler J. B. Cabot D. M. Goff D. H. Cohen Thomas J. Carew W. H. Bridger G. A. Barr G. T. Schimmel G. B. Glavin F. L. Royer S. A. Corson E. O. Corson R. A. Lanese R. M. Andrysco W. C. Stanley Sven O. E. Ebbesson M. E. Bitterman R. Bruce Masterton Richard F. Thompson Bernard Lown Delos D. Wickens Carol D. Wickens B. H. Natelson T. M. Poandl R. McCarty C. F. Knapp J. M. Evans W. Wilson F. Freemon T. Ban W. Petrie C. Clinton W. S. Middleton 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1980,15(2):82-90
887.
888.
889.
E. A. Lunzer C. Harrison M. Davey 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1972,24(3):326-339
Three experiments were designed to investigate the failure of intelligent adults to solve an apparently simple problem of formal reasoning devised by Wason. Both the mode of presentation and the type of material reduced the difficulty of the problem, while retaining its essential form. However, success on the original problem remained at a low level, even when subjects had attempted an easier version and had been given an explanation.
These results enable one to reject a “strong” formulation of Piaget's theory of formal reasoning. A “weaker” formulation is suggested as a basis for further research. 相似文献
These results enable one to reject a “strong” formulation of Piaget's theory of formal reasoning. A “weaker” formulation is suggested as a basis for further research. 相似文献
890.
A model of attitude toward affirmative action programs (AAPs) was applied in 4 studies involving 1,622 participants. In Study 1, attributes people tacitly associate with AAPs were identified by open-ended elicitation. Using those attributes, an instrument was developed and administered in Studies 2, 3, and 4. In those studies, a multiplicative composite of beliefs and evaluations about the AAP attributes predicted AAP attitude, consistent with M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action. Demographic effects on AAP attitude were partially mediated by this composite. In Studies 3 and 4, an experimental manipulation of AAP information was successful in changing AAP attitude, but in a way that polarized existing demographic differences. Study 4 also showed that AAP attitude and subjective norm jointly and uniquely predicted intentions to perform AAP-related behaviors. Intentions predicted the actual behavior of mailing postcards to political representatives reflecting participants' support for AAPs. 相似文献