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211.
The authors found that 3 experiments revealed that compliance with a pro-social request for an anticipated reward as opposed to a threatened punishment resulted in greater inferences of personal morality. In Experiment 1, participants received information about a teaching assistant (TA) who was either promised a reward or threatened with a punishment when asked for compliance. The participants perceived the TA as more moral for complying given the positive incentive as opposed to the negative incentive. Experiment 2 replicated this finding in a different culture, using different vignettes and incentives. Last, in Experiment 3, the results revealed that a perceived actor's real intentions mediated the effect of incentive valence on dispositional causation. That is, given a reward relative to a punishment, participants were more likely to assume that the agent would have helped even if no incentive had been offered. 相似文献
212.
Bernard LC 《Psychological reports》2008,103(1):243-270
Three studies (total N=403 participants; M age = 31.1 yr.; SD = 13.8) are reported on the development, psychometric properties, and convergent and discriminant validities of two individual differences dimensions of Vigor (constructive arousal and energy that drives the general intensity of behavior) and Deliberation (prudence in the delay of immediate action and consideration of competing motives, emotions, and consequences of action that promote convergence of behavior toward socially desirable outcomes). These dimensions are part of Bernard, Mills, Swenson, and Walsh's evolutionary psychology theory of human motivation. Analysis suggests Vigor and Deliberation scales have reasonably good psychometric properties and may aid research on motivation from an evolutionary perspective. 相似文献
213.
Gaze perception is an important social skill, as it portrays information about what another person is attending to. Gaze direction has been shown to affect interpretation of emotional expression. Here the authors investigate whether the emotional facial expression has a reciprocal influence on interpretation of gaze direction. In a forced-choice yes-no task, participants were asked to judge whether three faces expressing different emotions (anger, fear, happiness, and neutral) in different viewing angles were looking at them or not. Happy faces were more likely to be judged as looking at the observer than were angry, fearful, or neutral faces. Angry faces were more often judged as looking at the observer than were fearful and neutral expressions. These findings are discussed on the background of approach and avoidance orientation of emotions and of the self-referential positivity bias. 相似文献
214.
Bernard Berofsky 《Philosophical Studies》2006,131(2):419-445
Several prominent incompatibilists, e.g., Robert Kane and Derk Pereboom, have advanced an analogical argument in which it
is claimed that a deterministic world is essentially the same as a world governed by a global controller. Since the latter
world is obviously one lacking in an important kind of freedom, so must any deterministic world. The argument is challenged
whether it is designed to show that determinism precludes freedom as power or freedom as self-origination. Contrary to the
claims of its adherents, the global controller nullifies freedom because she is an agent, whereas natural forces are at work
in conventional deterministic worlds. Other key differences that undermine the analogy are identified. It is also shown that
the argument begs the question against the classical compatibilist, who believes that determinism does not preclude alternative
possibilities. 相似文献
215.
Bernard A. Nijstad Wolfgang Stroebe Hein F. M. Lodewijkx 《European journal of social psychology》2006,36(1):31-48
It has consistently been found that people produce more ideas when working alone as compared to when working in a group. Yet, people generally believe that group brainstorming is more effective than individual brainstorming. Further, group members are more satisfied with their performance than individuals, whereas they have generated fewer ideas. We argue that this ‘illusion of group productivity’ is partly due to a reduction of cognitive failures (instances in which someone is unable to generate ideas) in a group setting. Three studies support that explanation, showing that: (1) group interaction leads to a reduction of experienced failures and that failures mediate the effect of setting on satisfaction; and (2) manipulations that affect failures also affect satisfaction ratings. Implications for group work are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
216.
Stephen G. Weinrach Albert Ellis Raymond DiGiuseppe Michael E. Bernard Windy Dryden Howard Kassinove G. Barry Morris Ann Vernon Janet Wolfe 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2006,24(4):199-215
The 9 members of the Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy’s International Training Standards and Review Committee (of which
Albert Ellis is currently one) predict the status of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) after the death of Albert Ellis,
its progenitor. Most respondents addressed whether REBT will exist in its own right or be subsumed under the broad umbrella
of Cognitive Behavior Therapy.
Reprinted from Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 17, 413–427, 1995. AMHCA. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction authorized without written permission from the
American Mental Health Counselors Association.
Stephen G. Weinrach was a professor of counseling and human relations at Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania. He
died in 2004.
The authors expressed their appreciation to Martin Gerstein and Allen Ivey for their generous contributions to a draft version
of this article. Colleen Deeter provided valuable editorial assistance in the preparation and coordination of this project. 相似文献
217.
Richard Harrison 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2006,43(1):18-30
This article uses metaphors to explore how changes in technology and the world of work affect the lives and identities of workers today. The author integrates theory from vocational psychology and cultural studies with personal narrative in order to consider positive and negative aspects of the shift from traditional linear careers to postmodern, boundaryless, protean careers. Career is framed as a dialogical construct that is mutually shaped by individual and social practices. Career counselors are invited to consider ways they might adapt their practice to better accommodate clients' lived experiences of evolving career contexts. 相似文献
218.
The conclusion that nominal brainstorming groups outperform interactive brainstorming groups has been exclusively based on studies of idea generation. This study tested whether the productivity advantage of nominal groups would also result in better idea selection. Nominal and interactive groups performed a task that involved idea generation and selection. Idea generation and selection were strictly separated for half the groups, but were combined for the other half. Nominal groups generated more ideas than interactive groups, and the ideas generated by nominal groups were more original and less feasible than the ideas generated by interactive groups. However, there were no differences among conditions in quality of the selected ideas. Further, idea selection was not significantly better than chance. This suggests that high productivity in brainstorming is not sufficient to lead to better solutions. 相似文献
219.
Arnold E. Metz Jr. Bernard F. Fuemmeler Ronald T. Brown Ph.D. 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(3):229-238
Evaluated Project Towards No Tobacco Use (TNT), a tobacco-use prevention program delivered in schools with primarily African-American students. Students were assigned randomly by classroom to either the intervention (n=58) or to a no-treatment control group (n=40). Students in the intervention group received a curriculum-based program over the course of 10 sessions. Pre-and post-assessments of tobacco knowledge, attitudes, communication, peer refusal, and smoking tendency were gathered. Students in the intervention group differed from their peers in the control group by evidencing greater knowledge and communication skills. We found this tobacco-use prevention program useful for African-American students.This investigation was supported in full by the American Cancer Society Grant Award ACS IRG 97-151. 相似文献
220.
Rebecca S. Bernard Lindsey L. Cohen 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(3):282-287
Infants’ procedural pain and parents’ treatment room anxiety has been largely ignored in the research and clinical domains. To understand and manage infant procedural pain, it is essential to examine the correlates and potential predictors of this pain. Given that parent anxiety is a strong predictor of preschoolers’ procedural anxiety and pain, it is likely that parents play a role in infants’ distress during medical procedures. The purpose of this study was to thoroughly examine parent anxiety and its effects on infant procedural pain for 37 parent-infant dyads. Results demonstrated that only parent self-report measures were intercorrelated and several measures of parent distress correlated with measures of infant distress. Treatment implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.This article is based on the master's thesis of the first author under the direction of the second, at West Virginia University. 相似文献