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James E. Cutting Peter M. Vishton Michelangelo Flückiger Bernard Baumberger John D. Gerndt 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1997,59(3):426-441
In four experiments, we explored the heading and path information available to observers as we simulated their locomotion through a cluttered environment while they fixated an object off to the side. Previously, we presented a theory about the information available and used in such situations. For such a theory to be valid, one must be sure of eye position, but we had been unable to monitor gaze systematically; in Experiment 1, we monitored eye position and found performance best when observers fixated the designated object at the center of the display. In Experiment 2, when we masked portions of the display, we found that performance generally matched the amount of display visible when scaled to retinal sensitivity. In Experiments 3 and 4, we then explored the metric of information about heading (nominal vs. absolute) available and found good nominal information but increasingly poor and biased absolute information as observers looked farther from the aimpoint. Part of the cause for this appears to be that some observers perceive that they have traversed a curved path even when taking a linear one. In all cases, we compared our results with those in the literature. 相似文献
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Scruggs and Mastropieri (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 879–883, 1994) take issue with criticisms of their PND (Percent of Nonoverlapping Data) statistic that we offered in our recent article (Allison & German, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 621–631, 1993), which advocated a regressionbased method for obtaining effect sizes in single-subject studies. They contend that their PND approach has several advantages over our approach because: (1) they believe that, unlike ours, it can take advantage of the small number of observations that are typically available in single-case studies; (2) it is simple to compute; (3) it frees researchers from traditional regression assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variance, and independence of observations and residuals; and (4) it correlates with visual judgements made by experts. As we shall argue, these claims are built upon very questionable assumptions and they are very difficult to substantiate. In addition, we show that the expected value of the PND is so strongly related to sample size as to be rendered meaningless. 相似文献
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James Amirkhan Hector Betancourt Sandra Graham Steven Regeser Lpez Bernard Weiner 《Psychological science》1995,6(3):140-148
Four goals of affirmative action in higher education are described as they relate to psychology admissions. Broadly conceived, these goals are compensating for past injustice, correcting present inequity, promoting intellectual diversity, and enhancing the presence of role models. It is argued that the four goats differ in their underlying assumptions about the purposes of affirmative action and that these differences can result in disparate admission decisions. Data from three experiments on decision making in graduate psychology admissions are presented to illustrate the analysis. In these studies, academic psychologists rated the admissibility of hypothetical graduate student applicants who varied on a number of characteristics (e g., ethnicity, social class, interest in minority research) pertinent to affirmative action. A consistent pattern of ethnic group differences in admissibility ratings was documented, illustrating that compensation for past injustice can be interpreted as a salient affirmative action goal in graduate admissions decisions. Implications of the analysis for clarifying admissions decisions guided by affirmative action goals are discussed. 相似文献
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Gert ten Hoopen 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1995,57(4):569-572
Lakatos (1993) reported interesting data that indeed support “the hypothesis that the extent of spatial separation between successive sound events directly affects the perception of time intervals between these events” (p. 139). The present comment is an attempt to show that, as far as the horizontal plane is concerned, Lakatos’s hypothesis was already answered qualitatively by Axelrod and coworkers (Axelrod & Guzy, 1968; Axelrod, Guzy, & Diamond, 1968) in their studies of attention shifting, and by ten Hoopen and coworkers, who quantified the amount of “interaural time dilation” (Akerboom, ten Hoopen, Olierook, & van der Schaaf, 1983; ten Hoopen, 1982; ten Hoopen, Vos, & Dispa, 1982). Nonetheless, Lakatos’s study is very worthwhile. It originated from the realm of “apparent motion paradigms,” but I will argue that the study rather used an “auditory streaming paradigm,” and that the data is a welcome contribution to elucidate how the perceptual processes of auditory stream formation and interaural time dilation interact. 相似文献
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Bernard Croisile Marie-Josee Brabant Thierry Carmoi Yves Lepage Gilbert Aimard Marc Trillet 《Brain and language》1996,54(3):361-387
Written and oral spelling were compared in 33 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 25 control subjects. AD patients had poorer spelling results which were influenced by orthographic difficulty and word frequency, but not by grammatical word class. Lexical spelling was also more deteriorated than phonological spelling. Moreover, oral spelling was more impaired than written spelling in AD patients, whereas no difference was present between oral and written spelling of controls. Analysis of spelling errors showed that, for controls, errors were predominantly phonologically accurate in both spelling tasks. Significantly, AD patients produced more phonologically accurate than inaccurate errors in written spelling, whereas these errors did not differ in oral spelling. In contrast to controls who produced more constant than variable responses in oral and written spelling, AD patients made more variable responses (words correctly spelled in one task but incorrectly in the other) and they showed many instances of variable errors (different misspellings from one spelling task to the other). Two stepwise regression procedures showed that written misspellings were specifically correlated with language impairment, whereas oral spelling errors were correlated with attentional and language disorders. These results suggest that AD increases the attentional demands of oral spelling process as compared to written spelling. This dissociation argues, either for a unique Graphemic Buffer in which oral spelling requires more attentional resources than written spelling or for the hypothesis of separate buffers for oral and written spelling. 相似文献
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Bernard Guerney Jr. 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1985,7(1):40-49
This report summarizes the results of a nearly day-long session of a group of experienced and distinguished family therapy practitioners and researchers. The task the group set for itself was to begin delineating the most important variables to attend to in understanding family therapy and evaluating its effectiveness. With full recognition that such a task could be only partially and tentatively accomplished in the time allotted, a great many such variables were outlined. 相似文献
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