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951.
Blois-Heulin C Bernard V Bec P 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2007,121(2):205-213
The authors examined the effects of task complexity and posture on laterality and compared lateralization during different tasks in 9 captive grey-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) during spontaneous food processing and 3 experimental tasks. Comparisons with data of red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus; semiterrestrial species) were used. Less than half the monkeys were lateralized for simple everyday activities, but 6 were lateralized for complex daily activities. Moreover, all the monkeys were lateralized when performing experimental tasks. Laterality at the group level was found for the bipedal task: Mangabeys were right-handed. Complexity of tasks increases laterality at the individual level. Significant differences between the 2 species of mangabeys were found, allowing us to confirm that postural constraints are a major factor in the emergence of group handedness. 相似文献
952.
Under incidental instructions, thirty-eight 2-year-olds were trained on a six-element deterministic sequence of spatial locations. Following training, subjects were informed of the presence of a sequence and asked to either reproduce or suppress the learned material. Children's production of the trained sequence was modulated by these instructions. When asked to suppress the trained sequence, the children were able to increase generation of paths that were not from the training sequence. Their performance was thus dependent on active suppression of knowledge, rather than on a random generation strategy. This degree of control in 2-year-olds stands in stark contrast to 3-year-olds' failure to control explicitly instructed rule-based knowledge (as measured by the dimensional-change card-sort task). We suggest that the incidental nature of a learning episode enables the acquisition of a more procedural form of knowledge with which this age group has more experience prior to the onset of fluent language. 相似文献
953.
954.
In brainstorming research, quantity is assumed to breed quality. However, little is known about the cognitive mechanisms underlying this relationship. A parsimonious explanation assumes a random process, in which every idea has an equal chance of being a high-quality (original and feasible) idea. In contrast, a ‘deep exploration’ approach suggests that the originality (but not the feasibility) of generated ideas is dependent on the degree to which people engage in deep exploration of their knowledge. We conducted two experiments to test the latter hypothesis. Prior to a brainstorming task, participants were primed with subcategories of the brainstorming topic. Priming caused a higher relative productivity and average originality within the primed subcategory, but did not affect global productivity and originality across categories. This effect was replicated in dyadic interactions. These results support the deep exploration hypothesis, and suggest that the relationship between quantity and quality is more complex than has previously been assumed. 相似文献
955.
Syllable onsets are defined as the initial consonant or consonant cluster in a syllable (e.g., BR in BREAD). In the present study, using a letter detection paradigm and French words, we tested whether syllable onsets are processed as units by the reading system. In Experiment 1, we replicated Gross, Treiman, and Inman's (2000) result of observing no difference between the detection latencies of letters embedded in a multi-letter syllable onset (e.g., c in ECLATER) relative to a single-letter syllable onset (e.g., C in ECARTER). In Experiment 2, participants took longer to detect the target letter when it was in the second position of a multi-letter onset (e.g., L in TABLIER) than when it was a single-letter onset (e.g., L in ECOLIER). In Experiment 3, this position effect was replicated for graphemes. In Experiment 4, we tested and ruled out an alternative explanation of the unitization effect, in terms of lateral masking. These results indicate that syllable onsets are processed as perceptual units by the reading system and that the unitization effect is position dependent. 相似文献
956.
Bernard Nickel 《Philosophical Studies》2007,136(3):279-304
Intentionalism is the claim that the phenomenological properties of a perceptual experience supervene on its intentional properties.
The paper presents a counter-example to this claim, one that concerns visual grouping phenomenology. I argue that this example
is superior to superficially similar examples involving grouping phenomenology offered by Peacocke (Sense and Content, Oxford: Oxford University Press), because the standard intentionalist responses to Peacocke’s examples cannot be extended
to mine. If Intentionalism fails, it is impossible to reduce the phenomenology of an experience to its content. 相似文献
957.
Laurent Ferrier Arnaud Staudt Gilles Reilhac Manuel Jiménez Denis Brouillet 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2007,61(4):316-321
This study explores the influence of typical size during a categorization task. The specificity of this experimental work is based on the homogeneity of the graphic stimuli size. We have created a typical size standard of our stimuli, that concerns the real size of the objects represented by the drawings of homogeneous sizes. Then, a priming experiment was performed in which the prime and target drawings had two types of relations: a typical size, and a categorial. The participants are na?ve as to the typical size relation between prime and target. The results show a positive priming effect of the typical size but not of the category. The results are discussed in term of theoretical approach developed by Barsalou and his colleagues (1999, 2003). In this theoretical framework, the typical size can be considered as a perceptual knowledge. In that way, we propose that participants could automatically simulate the typical size as soon as they perceived the drawings of objects with homegenous sizes. 相似文献
958.
Previous studies indicate that the encoding of new facial identities in memory is influenced by the type of expression displayed by the faces. In the current study, the authors investigated whether or not this influence requires attention to be explicitly directed toward the affective meaning of facial expressions. In a first experiment, the authors found that facial identity was better recognized when the faces were initially encountered with a happy rather than an angry expression, even when attention was oriented toward facial features other than expression. Using the Remember/Know/Guess paradigm in a second experiment, the authors found that the influence of facial expressions on the conscious recollection of facial identity was even more pronounced when participants' attention was not directed toward expressions. It is suggested that the affective meaning of facial expressions automatically modulates the encoding of facial identity in memory. 相似文献
959.
960.
Victorri B 《Cognitive processing》2007,8(1):11-19
We adopt here a functional approach to the classical comparison between language and biology. We first parallel events which
have a functional signification in each domain, by matching the utterance of a sentence with the release of a protein. The
meaning of a protein is then defined by analogy as “the constant contribution of the biochemical material composing the protein
to the effects produced by any release of the protein”. The proteome of an organism corresponds to an I-language (the idiolect
of an individual), and the proteome of a species is equivalent to an E-language (a language in the common sense). Proteins
and sentences are both characterized by a complex hierarchical structure, but the language property of ‘double articulation’
has no equivalent in the biological domain in this analogy, contrary to previous proposals centered on the genetic code. Besides,
the same intimate relation between structure and meaning holds in both cases (syntactic structure for sentences and three-dimensional
conformation for proteins). An important disanalogy comes from the combinatorial power of language which is not shared by
the proteome as a whole, but it must be noted that the immune system possesses interesting properties in this respect. Regarding
evolutionary aspects, the analogy still works to a certain extent. Languages and proteomes can be both considered as belonging
to a general class of systems, that we call “productive self-reproductive systems”, characterized by the presence of two dynamics:
a fast dynamics in an external domain where functional events occur (productive aspect), and a slow dynamics responsible for
the evolution of the system itself, driven by the feed-back of events related to the reproduction process. 相似文献