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81.
Berman NC Wheaton MG Fabricant LE Jacobson SR Abramowitz JS 《Behaviour research and therapy》2011,49(10):695-699
The present study examined whether beliefs about the importance of thoughts (i.e., thought–action fusion; TAF) are related to the target subject of the negative thought. One hundred and seven undergraduate students were randomly assigned to imagine either a beloved relative or a stranger being diagnosed with cancer and provided in vivo ratings of anxiety, likelihood, moral wrongness, urge to neutralize, and how upsetting the event would be if it occurred. Results indicated that thinking of a relative being diagnosed with cancer provoked more distress, urges to neutralize, and higher estimates of likelihood, as well greater use of mental neutralizing behaviors, compared to thinking of a stranger. Contrary to our prediction, the groups did not differ in their ratings of the moral wrongness. These findings broadly support the assertion that the more personally significant a negative intrusive thought, the more it will provoke distress and urges to neutralize. Results are discussed in terms of the cognitive model of obsessions and clinical implications are addressed. 相似文献
82.
Interference is a major source of short-term errors of memory. The present investigation explores the relationship between
two important forms of interference: proactive interference (PI), induced by the need to reject recently studied items no
longer relevant to task performance, and semantic interference (SI), induced by the need to reject lures sharing a meaningful
relationship with current memoranda. We explore the possibility that shared cognitive control processes are recruited to resolve
both forms of interference. In Experiment 1, we find that the requirement to engage in articulatory suppression during the retention interval of tasks that induce either
PI or SI increases both forms of interference similarly and selectively. In Experiment 2, we develop a task to examine PI and SI within the same experimental context. The results show interactive effects between
factors that lead to the two forms of interference. Taken together, these findings support contextual-cuing models of short-term
remembering (Nairne, Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 53–81 2002), where the context in which retrieval occurs can influence susceptibility to interference. Lastly, we discuss several theoretical
hypotheses concerning the cognitive control processes that are recruited to resolve SI and PI in short-term remembering. 相似文献
83.
Berman AL 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2011,41(1):110-116
Shneidman (1973) derived an estimate of six survivors for every suicide that, in the ensuing years, has become an assumed fact underlying public health messaging campaigns in support of suicide prevention and postvention programs worldwide, in spite of it lacking either empirical testing or validation. This report offers a first test designed to derive estimates of suicide survivors and raises an array of empirical questions needing further study to reasonably address the impact of suicide on others. 相似文献
84.
Using Participatory System Dynamics Modeling to Examine the Local HIV Test and Treatment Care Continuum in Order to Reduce Community Viral Load 下载免费PDF全文
Margaret R. Weeks Jianghong Li David Lounsbury Helena Danielle Green Maryann Abbott Marcie Berman Lucy Rohena Rosely Gonzalez Shawn Lang Heather Mosher 《American journal of community psychology》2017,60(3-4):584-598
Achieving community‐level goals to eliminate the HIV epidemic requires coordinated efforts through community consortia with a common purpose to examine and critique their own HIV testing and treatment (T&T) care system and build effective tools to guide their efforts to improve it. Participatory system dynamics (SD) modeling offers conceptual, methodological, and analytical tools to engage diverse stakeholders in systems conceptualization and visual mapping of dynamics that undermine community‐level health outcomes and identify those that can be leveraged for systems improvement. We recruited and engaged a 25‐member multi‐stakeholder Task Force, whose members provide or utilize HIV‐related services, to participate in SD modeling to examine and address problems of their local HIV T&T service system. Findings from the iterative model building sessions indicated Task Force members’ increasingly complex understanding of the local HIV care system and demonstrated their improved capacity to visualize and critique multiple models of the HIV T&T service system and identify areas of potential leverage. Findings also showed members’ enhanced communication and consensus in seeking deeper systems understanding and options for solutions. We discuss implications of using these visual SD models for subsequent simulation modeling of the T&T system and for other community applications to improve system effectiveness. 相似文献
85.
脑成像在心理学研究领域的价值 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Marc G. Berman 《心理学报》2010,42(1):111-119
现在普遍使用的脑成像技术给心理学研究增加了新的数据和资料。和任何新的方法一样,我们需要决定如何以适当的方式应用这项技术。这项技术如何以现有的方法所不能的方式帮助回答理论问题?这项技术最好是作为因变量还是作为预测变量来使用?它如何与其它感兴趣的心理变量相关?这种新的成像技术有助于我们了解大脑的运作及其与心理学的关系。研究人员需要弄清楚如何利用这项技术提供的信息加深对心理现象的理解。 相似文献
86.
Michael G. Wheaton Noah C. Berman Joseph C. Franklin Jonathan S. Abramowitz 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(4):565-574
Although currently classified as a somatoform disorder, cognitive-behavioral models conceptualize hypochondriasis (HC) as
a severe form of health anxiety. The Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI) is a measure derived from this conceptualization
that measures health anxiety symptoms across the range of severity. Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding
this measure’s factor structure, but these studies employed factor analytic tools that did not account for the categorical
nature of SHAI items. The present psychometric study was designed to address these inconsistencies using categorical factor
analysis. Using data from a large student sample we found that the SHAI had two factors: Illness Likelihood and Illness Severity. We also examined the relationship between these domains and cognitive variables associated with other anxiety disorders.
Results suggested that the psychological processes present in obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder are also associated
with health anxiety. Implications for the conceptualization and classification of severe health anxiety are discussed. 相似文献
87.
Noah C. Berman Caleb M. Pardue Michael G. Wheaton 《Behaviour research and therapy》2010,48(7):670-674
Research has demonstrated that higher levels of religiosity are positively correlated with thought-action fusion (TAF), a set of cognitive biases found to be associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. However, previous studies have exclusively relied on a nomothetic approach to measuring TAF using a single self-report instrument, the thought-action fusion scale. The current study examined the relationship between religiosity and TAF using an in vivo behaviorally-based assessment in which participants thought about and wrote down thoughts of negative events involving loved ones. Forty-three highly religious Protestant Christians were compared to 30 Atheists/Agnostics on their in vivo ratings of anxiety, estimates of likelihood, and moral wrongness related to the negative thoughts. Results indicated that compared to the non-religious participants, those who were highly religious believed that writing and thinking about the negative events was more morally wrong and increased the likelihood of the event. Results are discussed in terms of the potential relationship between certain religious teachings and TAF-related beliefs about the importance, significance, and influence of thoughts. 相似文献
88.
Research findings on the specific relationships between beliefs and OCD symptoms have been inconsistent, yet the existing studies vary in their approach to measuring the highly heterogeneous symptoms of this disorder. The Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) is a new measure that allows for the assessment of OCD symptom dimensions, rather than types of obsessions and compulsions per se. The present study examined the relationship between OCD symptom dimensions and dysfunctional (obsessive) beliefs believed to underlie these symptom dimensions using a large clinical sample of treatment-seeking adults with OCD. Results revealed that certain obsessive beliefs predicted certain OCD symptom dimensions in a manner consistent with cognitive-behavioral conceptual models. Specifically, contamination symptoms were predicted by responsibility/threat estimation beliefs, symmetry symptoms were predicted by perfectionism/certainty beliefs, unacceptable thoughts were predicted by importance/control of thoughts beliefs and symptoms related to being responsible for harm were predicted by responsibility/threat estimation beliefs. Implications for cognitive conceptualizations of OCD symptom dimensions are discussed. 相似文献
89.
Jutta Joormann Derek Evan Nee Marc G. Berman John Jonides Ian H. Gotlib 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):21-33
In two experiments, we investigated individual differences in the ability to resolve interference in participants diagnosed
with major depressive disorder (MDD). Participants were administered the “Ignore/Suppress” task, a short-term memory task
composed of two steps. In Step 1 (“ignore”), participants were instructed to memorize a set of stimuli while ignoring simultaneously
presented irrelevant material. In Step 2 (“suppress”), participants were instructed to forget a subset of the previously memorized
material. The ability to resolve interference was indexed by response latencies on two recognition tasks in which participants
decided whether a probe was a member of the target set. In Step 1, we compared response latencies to probes from the to-be-ignored
list with response latencies to nonrecently presented items. In Step 2, we compared response latencies to probes from the
to-be-suppressed list with response latencies to nonrecently presented items. The results indicate that, compared with control
participants, depressed participants exhibited increased interference in the “suppress” but not in the “ignore” step of the
task, when the stimuli were negative words. No group differences were obtained when we presented letters instead of emotional
words. These findings indicate that depression is associated with difficulty in removing irrelevant negative material from
short-term memory. 相似文献
90.
Previous quantitative reviews of research on psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons have yielded divergent findings and have not included many of the available controlled outcome studies. This meta-analysis summarizes results from 61 controlled studies to offer a more comprehensive integration of this literature. This review examined (a) the absolute effectiveness of bereavement interventions immediately following intervention and at follow-up assessments, (b) several of the clinically and theoretically relevant moderators of outcome, and (c) change over time among recipients of the interventions and individuals in no-intervention control groups. Overall, analyses showed that interventions had a small effect at posttreatment but no statistically significant benefit at follow-up. However, interventions that exclusively targeted grievers displaying marked difficulties adapting to loss had outcomes that compare favorably with psychotherapies for other difficulties. Other evidence suggested that the discouraging results for studies failing to screen for indications of distress could be attributed to a tendency among controls to improve naturally over time. The findings of the review underscore the importance of attending to the targeted population in the practice and study of psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons. 相似文献