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271.
Thomas Berg 《Psychological research》1986,48(3):133-144
Summary The incorporation of editors and monitors in models of language production has become a common practice over the past ten years or so. However, there is much confusion in the psycholinguistics literature about these two control mechanisms. A monitor is redefined as a television viewer who can spot problems on the screen but cannot do anything about it. An editor, in contrast, is powerful enough to change the programme so as to produce fewer and less anomalous errors. Although there is no doubt that our speech is internally monitored, it is far from clear that this is achieved via editing. Not only can editing models be shown to suffer from serious defects, but also the data which motivated the introduction of editors in the first place lend themselves more plausibly to a reanalysis in terms of evidencing properties of the regular programming process. It is argued that McClelland and Rumelhart's interactive activation model accommodates the monitoring function quite nicely without any additional theoretical apparatus. Monitoring is carried out by a mechanism called non-local feedback which results automatically from bottom-up information flow in a parallel processing system. All the speaker has to do is to check the activation levels of the nodes in his internal network. He discovers problems whenever the levels of activation are too low with respect to the idea he wishes to communicate.Earlier versions of this paper were written while I was training for teacher unemployment at the Staatliches Studienseminar in Speyer, Germany. It is dedicated to all my supervisors who, unknowingly and, I dare say, in spite of themselves gave me just enough time to write it up 相似文献
272.
David Wacker Colleen McMahon Mark Steege Wendy Berg Gary Sasso Kris Melloy 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1990,23(3):333-339
We propose the use of a combined version of the alternating treatments and multiple baseline designs in situations in which a traditional baseline (no treatment) condition either does not provide an adequate contrast condition or is not feasible or practical due to clinical constraints. We refer to this design as a sequential alternating treatments design because two treatments are initially implemented in a random or counterbalanced fashion and are followed by a sequential change in one or both treatments across settings, subjects, or tasks. The effects of the independent variables are assessed first by analyzing the two series of data points representing the different treatments (relative effects) and then by assessing changes in one or both series, as application of the alternative treatment is introduced sequentially. The sequential application of treatment provides an analysis of control in the same manner as the multiple baseline design; the initial alternating treatments phase provides a contrast condition in much the same manner as a baseline condition. Applications of this design to the assessment of peer training and self-injurious behavior are described. 相似文献
273.
David P. Wacker Mark W. Steege John Northup Gary Sasso Wendy Berg Thomas Reimers Linda Cooper Karla Cigrand Lisa Donn 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1990,23(4):417-429
We evaluated the separate treatment components of a functional communication training program for 3 severely handicapped persons who each displayed different topographies of aberrant behavior. Following a functional analysis of maintaining conditions for inappropriate behavior (self-injury, stereotypy, aggression), each participant was trained to emit a communicative response that functioned to solicit reinforcement. For 2 participants, consequences (time-out or graduated guidance) for inappropriate behavior were also included. Treatment continued until the participants emitted the communicative response independently and no occurrences of inappropriate behavior were observed for at least two sessions. Following treatment, the separate contributions of the treatment components for communicative responding and for inappropriate behavior were evaluated with a reversal design. The results indicated that both sets of treatment components were necessary for maximal control over aberrant behavior. These results are discussed in relation to the efficiency, history, and control over reinforcement of both appropriate and inappropriate responses. 相似文献
274.
David P. Wacker Barbara Wiggins Mary Fowler Wendy K. Berg 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1988,21(4):331-343
In a series of three experiments, we evaluated the use of microswitches as a means for students with profound, multiple handicaps to demonstrate preferences between toys and to make requests for specific activities. In Experiment 1, 5 students learned to demonstrate toy preferences by using microswitches to activate battery-operated toys. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the students' preferences for social attention. Microswitches were used to activate prerecorded messages that signaled the classroom teacher to attend to the students. In Experiment 3, the students used the switches and prerecorded messages to make specific requests of educational staff in school and community settings. Results of these experiments, evaluated within multiple baseline, alternating treatments, and simultaneous treatments designs, indicated that these students could request specific activities. Results are discussed with respect to the continued use of microswitches and to program development. 相似文献
275.
Research by Marshall (1966) suggested that high authoritarian persons might be more accurate at recalling evidence about criminal behavior than low authoritarian persons. Drawing on other research findings, Marshall's hypothesis was expanded to predict that high authoritarians would recall more about evidence relating to defendant character and low authoritarians would recall more about situational evidence. In two jury-simulation experiments the new hypothesis was confirmed. 相似文献
276.
Twenty healthy, 1–4 day-old infants were selected from a sample of 135 neonates on the basis of alertness during testing. The infants were presented mild intensity colored light with gradual onset and offset while heart rate was monitored. Half the infants received six exposures to blue light followed by two exposures to blue-green light, whereas remaining subjects received colors in reverse order. Stimulus duration was 20 sec and variable periods between stimuli averaged 30 sec. Results of trend analysis of variance of the second-by-second cardiac data indicated that for infants older than the median age, the decelerative responses to both stimulus onset and offset were significant. Further, these subjects' onset decelerations significantly habituated within the six stimulus repetitions and significantly dishabituated with change in the stimulus color. Offset decelerations incremented over habituation trials and decremented with change in stimulus color. Responses of younger subjects were more variable which probably reflects their less complete recovery from the effects of maternal medication and the birth process. 相似文献
277.
278.
Laura A. Berg S. Robert Young Karen A. Brooks Allison M. Davis S. Terry Smith 《Journal of genetic counseling》1996,5(1):27-38
In order to determine the incidence of familial and hereditary ovarian cancer in a referral patient population, we conducted a retrospective study of 44 patients from a consecutive set of 62 patients treated for ovarian carcinoma at the Gynecologic Oncology Clinic at the Richland Memorial Hospital Center for Cancer Treatment and Research between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1993. In our study of the referred patients, only two (4.55%) reported a history of at least one first-degree relative also being affected with ovarian cancer. However, 13 patients (29.55%) reported a family history consistent with one of the hereditary ovarian cancer syndromes. In addition to having a suggestive family history, these 13 families demonstrated several cardinal features of hereditary cancer syndromes including early onset, bilaterality, multiple primary tumors, and transmission. Race was the only significantly different demographic factor between the hereditary and sporadic ovarian cancer groups. All 13 patients who appeared to have a hereditary form of cancer were Caucasian. 相似文献
279.
K. Mark Derby David P. Wacker Stephanie Peck Gary Sasso Agnes DeRaad Wendy Berg Jennifer Asmus Sonya Ulrich 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1994,27(2):267-278
We conducted a functional analysis of distinct topographies of aberrant behavior displayed by 4 clients. We first analyzed the behaviors in an aggregate fashion and then separated the behaviors to formulate hypotheses about the maintaining variables for each behavior. The procedures were used in a two-phase experiment. During Phase 1, two extended functional analyses were completed, one in an inpatient unit and one in a special education classroom. During Phase 2, two brief functional analyses were completed in an outpatient clinic. Results indicated that hypotheses of separate functions for distinct behaviors can be generated using both extended and brief functional analyses when the results are graphed in the aggregate and are separated by response topography. The results also suggest that these methods can improve the accuracy of data interpretation and treatment selection. 相似文献
280.
A visually reinforced operant procedure was employed to obtain 2-point threshold-duration functions in 7-month-old infants and adults in two experimental paradigms. In Experiment 1, thresholds were determined for 10- and 100-msec, 500-Hz tones and octave-band noise bursts presented in quiet and noise backgrounds. Threshold-duration functions were significantly steeper for infants than for adults under all experimental conditions, and did not differ in slope as a result of differences in either stimulus bandwidth or masking noise. In Experiment 2, thresholds for trains of brief 500-Hz tone pulses were examined in infant and adult subjects. Infant functions were adult-like for integration of multiple-pulse stimuli, suggesting that the traditional, long-term process of temporal summation is mature by 7 months of age. Differences between the present results and those previously obtained for 4-kHz stimuli appear to be consistent with the view that different mechanisms are involved in the detection of low- and high-frequency signals. 相似文献