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161.
The benefits gained in decision research through the use of computer-controlled procedures, as opposed to the use of traditional pencil-and-paper techniques, can exceed the expected gains of efficiency and standardization. Computers extend the scope of a sequential decision making paradigm by enhancing (1) the strength of experimental design, (2) reliability of measurement, (3) procedural flexibility, and (4) single-subject data analysis. Data are reported that indicate the necessity of using computers to obtain reliable measurements and valid results for this type of decision research. 相似文献
162.
163.
The authors investigated whether the gestalt grouping principles can be quantified and whether the conjoint effects of two grouping principles operating at the same time on the same stimuli differ from the sum of their individual effects. After reviewing earlier attempts to discover how grouping principles interact, they developed a probabilistic model of grouping by proximity, which allows measurement of strength on a ratio scale. Then, in 3 experiments using dot lattices, they showed that the strength of the conjoint effect of 2 grouping principles--grouping by proximity and grouping by similarity--is equal to the sum of their separate effects. They propose a physiologically plausible model of this law. 相似文献
164.
Keith D Huff Yukiko Asaka Amy L Griffin William P Berg Matthew A Seager Stephen D Berry 《Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science》2004,39(1):16-23
Analysis of naturalistic chewing patterns may provide insight into mapping the neural substrates of jaw movement control systems, including their adaptive modification during the classically conditioned jaw movement (CJM) paradigm. Here, New Zealand White rabbits were administered food and water stimuli orally to evaluate the influence of stimulus consistency on masticatory pattern. Chewing patterns were recorded via video camera and movements were analyzed by computerized image analysis. The mandibular kinematics, specifically the extent of dorsal/ventral, medial/lateral, and rostral/caudal movement, were significantly larger in food-evoked than water-evoked chewing. Water-evoked chewing frequency, however, was significantly higher than that of food-evoked movements. In light of known cortical mastication modulatory centers, our findings implicate different neural substrates for the responses to food and water stimuli in the rabbit. A detailed delineation of jaw movement patterns and circuitry is essential to characterize the neural substrates of CJM. 相似文献
165.
Bruce L. Berg Fernando Sañudo Mel Hovell Carol Sipan Norma Kelley Elaine Blumberg 《Sexuality & culture》2004,8(1):87-103
The use of indigenous researchers has long been practiced in ethnographic research; a similar use of indigenous personnel
has not been as commonly undertaken in interview studies of men who have sex with men (MSM). This research note reports on
the use of indigenous interviewers in a study of Latino MSM’s perceptions about sexual relationships and behaviors.
The full study explores sexual relationships among Latino MSM, and HIV risk behaviors undertaken by a population of MSM residing
in a community in southern California. This research note describes both the strengths and limitations that arise from employing
indigenous interviewers for improving the overall quality of sensitive data. Benefits discussed include improved access to
an otherwise highly restricted group, enhanced rapport-building capabilities, and greater understanding of language unique
to the study population. Limitations discussed include the use of previously untrained interview personnel and age and gender
issues. 相似文献
166.
Sharon Sagi Berg 《International journal of group psychotherapy》2017,67(4):519-539
The process of a therapy group in an inpatient daycare unit1 became saturated with anger and detachment, ultimately leading to a despairing silence. Based on Ferenczi’s concept of Orpha, I will explain the group silence as indicative of deep trauma and dissociative self-states. I propose that the therapist’s willingness to “hang in” with his group and be part of a seemingly unbearable enactment enhances the possibility for emergence of hope and restoration of positive communication. It is rare in the literature for authors to expose the pitfalls that they and their group members can fall into, leading to despair, shame, and hopelessness. When working in the complex environment of a mental hospital where every level of staff is stressed, therapists often find themselves without support and consultation. My hope is that my colleagues can learn from my challenges, errors, and lessons, as I have. 相似文献
167.
Kelly?M.?SchieltzEmail author David?P.?Wacker Jay?W.?Harding Wendy?K.?Berg John?F.?Lee Yaniz?C.?Padilla Dalmau Jayme?Mews Mu?ka?Ibrahimovi? 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2011,20(1):15-32
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of functional communication training (FCT) on the occurrence of non-targeted
disruptive behavior. The 10 participants were preschool-aged children with developmental disabilities who engaged in both
destructive (property destruction, aggression, self-injury) and disruptive (hand flapping, spinning in circles, shrill laughter,
screaming, crying) behaviors. Only destructive behavior was targeted for the functional analyses and FCT, but data were also
collected on disruptive behaviors. All procedures were conducted in the participants’ homes by their mothers with investigator
coaching. Phase 1 consisted of conducting a functional analysis within a multielement design. Phase 2 consisted of conducting
FCT with demand fading and repeated extinction baselines within a reversal design. Single-case data are provided for 3 participants,
and summary data are provided for all 10 participants. Results of phase 1 showed that all participants’ destructive and disruptive
behavior was maintained, at least in part, by negative reinforcement. Results of phase 2 showed that both destructive behavior
and non-targeted disruptive behavior occurred at lower levels during FCT when compared to the functional analysis demand condition
and baseline conditions, suggesting that FCT was effective in decreasing both target destructive behavior and non-targeted
disruptive behaviors. 相似文献
168.
In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between personality (measured by the subscales of the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory [NEO‐FFI]; Costa & McCrae, 1992) and stress (measured by the Overall Job Satisfaction scale [Warr, Cook, & Wall, 1979], and Cooper's Job Stress Scale [Cooper, 1981]) across different vocational types as described in Holland's (1966, 1997) theory. A sample of 729 employees participated in the survey. Individuals with high NEO‐FFI scores on neuroticism more often perceived distress across several vocational types. Individuals with high NEO‐FFI scores on conscientiousness more often perceived eustress across several vocational types. Extraversion was related to more eustress in Social and Conventional vocational types, openness to experience to more distress in Realistic and Social vocational types and to less eustress in Conventional vocational types; agreeableness was related to more eustress in Investigative and Conventional vocational types. A relation conclusively exists between personality and perception of distress and eustress for different vocational types. 相似文献
169.
An evaluation of persistence of treatment effects during long-term treatment of destructive behavior
Wacker DP Harding JW Berg WK Lee JF Schieltz KM Padilla YC Nevin JA Shahan TA 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2011,96(2):261-282
Eight young children who displayed destructive behavior maintained, at least in part, by negative reinforcement received long‐term functional communication training (FCT). During FCT, the children completed a portion of a task and then touched a communication card attached to a microswitch to obtain brief breaks. Prior to and intermittently throughout FCT, extinction probes were conducted within a withdrawal design in which task completion, manding, and destructive behavior were placed on extinction to evaluate the relative persistence of appropriate and destructive behavior over the course of treatment. FCT continued until appropriate behavior persisted and destructive behavior failed to recur at baseline levels during extinction probes. The completion of FCT was followed by four challenges to the persistence of treatment effects conducted within mixed‐ or multiple‐schedule designs: (a) extended extinction sessions (from 5 to 15 min), (b) introduction of a novel task, (c) removal of the microswitch and communication card, and (d) a mixed schedule of reinforcement in which both appropriate and destructive behavior produced reinforcement. The results showed that although FCT often resulted in quick reductions in destructive behavior and increases in appropriate behavior, destructive behavior often recurred during the extinction probes conducted during the initial treatment. When the effects of treatment persisted during the extinction probes, the remaining challenges to treatment effects resulted in only mild to moderate disruptions in behavior. These results are consistent with the quantitative predictions of behavioral momentum theory and may provide an alternative definition of maintenance as constituting behavioral persistence. 相似文献
170.
Culture plays a significant role in the variations observed in the manifestation, expression, and meaning of attachment behaviors. Africa is home to multiple cultures, with distinct organizations of caregiving relationships underlying the development of attachment. This review aims to consolidate knowledge about African attachment by describing studies of infant attachment conducted in Africa since Mary Ainsworth's Ugandan findings in 1967. Electronic databases were searched with the terms “Africa” (“attachment” or “bond”) and “infant.” Nine studies that assessed infant attachment style with self-report or observation methods were included, but spanned only five countries. The Strange Situation Procedure was most frequently used. Most studies described dyads living in peri-urban or township areas. Multiple socioeconomic factors affecting living conditions were identified, including, unemployment, financial difficulties, limited education, poor housing, single parenthood, lack of partner support, substance abuse, and depression. Overall distributions of attachment classification proportions appear consistent with global attachment-classification patterns. Despite adverse conditions, secure attachment was relatively widespread, and some populations had low rates of avoidant attachment. Relatively high rates of disorganized attachment were found when the category was included. Africa remains an understudied continent regarding infant attachment. The continent's cultural diversity may hold important truths necessary for understanding the complex relationship between infant and attachment figure. 相似文献