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241.
To understand how animals serially organize complex competing behaviors, we tested pigeons in a sequential task-switching
procedure. Daily sessions involved two conditional discrimination tasks that were presented in sequence. In Experiment 1,
the first half of a session employed a matching-to-sample task, and the second half tested an oddity-from-sample task. Because
the same colors were used for both tasks, these tasks could be solved only by employing a modulating sequential cue. The results
of the first experiment revealed that the pigeons could learn this task-switching procedure and that an internal clock was
the critical modulator between the tasks. In Experiment 2, we tested a three-alternative choice task. By examining the pattern
of errors among choices, the results of this experiment revealed that pigeons learned and used different representations of
the choice rules for each half of the experiment. This modulation of the pigeons’ internal states by time has implications
for how animals organize their behavior in different settings and holds clues as to the evolution of the serial organization
of behavior. 相似文献
242.
Examining the relationships between self‐efficacy,task‐relevant attentional control,and task performance: Evidence from event‐related brain potentials
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Jason R. Themanson Peter J. Rosen 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2015,106(2):253-271
Self‐efficacy (SE) is a modifiable psychosocial factor related to individuals’ beliefs in their capabilities to successfully complete courses of action and has been shown to be positively associated with task performance. The authors hypothesized that one means through which SE is related with improved performance is through enhanced task‐relevant attentional control during task execution. To assess this hypothesis, we examined the relationships between SE and behavioural and neural indices of task performance and task‐relevant attentional control for 76 young adults during the completion of a flanker task. Results showed that greater SE was associated with greater response accuracy and P3b amplitude across task conditions, and faster RT under more difficult task conditions. Additionally, P3b amplitude was found to mediate the relationship between SE and task performance in the difficult condition. These findings suggest that greater attentional allocation to task‐relevant processes, including monitoring stimulus‐response relationships and focusing attention on working memory operations, may help explain the association between SE and improved task performance. 相似文献
243.
Nathalie Fernandez Michelle A. Frank-Crawford Courtney Hanlin Ryan Benson John M. Falligant Iser G. DeLeon 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2024,57(2):426-443
The functional analysis approach described by Iwata et al. (1982/1994) has been used widely to determine the variables evoking and maintaining challenging behavior. However, one potential concern with conducting functional analyses is that repeated exposure to contingencies may induce a novel functional relation. To examine the likelihood of these potential iatrogenic effects, we evaluated social test conditions of the functional analysis for 116 participants and searched for patterns of responding indicative of acquisition. Patterns suggestive of acquisition occurred in 13.70% of tangible reinforcement conditions; however, the prevalence was only slightly lower in the attention condition (8.75%). Much lower prevalence was observed for the escape condition (2.13%). When grouped by quotient score, a pattern of acquisition was just as likely to be observed in the attention condition as in the tangible condition. Additionally, patterns indicative of acquisition were no more likely to be observed with participants who emitted automatically reinforced challenging behavior. 相似文献
244.
Kathryn H. Howell Julie B. Kaplow Christopher M. Layne Molly A. Benson Bruce E. Compas Ranka Katalinski 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(1):88-104
Background and Objectives: The vast majority of youth who lived through the Bosnian war were exposed to multiple traumatic events, including interpersonal violence, community destruction, and the loss of a loved one. This study examined factors that predict post-war psychological adjustment, specifically posttraumatic stress, in Bosnian adolescents. Design: Regression analyses evaluated theorized differential relations between three types of post-war stressors – exposure to trauma reminders, loss reminders, and intrafamilial conflict – specific coping strategies, and posttraumatic stress symptom dimensions. Methods: We examined 555 Bosnian adolescents, aged 15–19 years, to predict their long-term posttraumatic stress reactions in the aftermath of war. Results: Findings indicated that post-war exposure to trauma reminders, loss reminders, and family conflict, as well as engagement and disengagement coping strategies, predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms. Secondary control engagement coping responses to all three types of post-war stressors were inversely associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms, whereas primary control engagement coping responses to family conflict were inversely associated with hyperarousal symptoms. Disengagement responses to trauma reminders and family conflict were positively associated with re-experiencing symptoms. Conclusions: These findings shed light on ways in which trauma reminders, loss reminders, and family conflict may intersect with coping responses to influence adolescent postwar adjustment. 相似文献
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Robert C. Colligan Norman H. Rasmussen David C. Agerter Kenneth P. Offord Michael Malinchoc Megan M. O’Byrne Joanne T. Benson 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(2):98-119
For more than 60 years it has been known that profiles from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), obtained
from medical patients, are elevated when scores are plotted using general population norms. These elevations have been most
apparent on the neurotic triad (NTd), the first 3 clinical scales on the MMPI profile. More than 45 years have passed since
a nonreferred, normative sample of MMPIs was established from 50,000 consecutive medical outpatients. We present comparable
but contemporary normative data for the revised MMPI (MMPI-2) based on a nonreferred sample of 1,243 family medicine outpatients
(590 women; 653 men). As true for the original MMPI, contemporary medical outpatients have profiles that are significantly
different, clinically and statistically, from the general population norms for the MMPI-2. This is particularly evident in
elevations on the NTd. New normative tables of uniform medical T (UMT) scores were developed following the procedures used
to create the uniform T scores for the MMPI-2. Measures of internal consistency are reported; test-retest reliability was
established over a mean of 3.7 weeks, and results characterizing the stability of the validity and clinical scales are presented. 相似文献