Family Therapy Training: The Institutional Base

The papers that follow present the findings of three surveys of the institutional base for training in family therapy. ¹ 1 Names and addresses of all facilities known to provide education in this field as of 1980 are available at a charge of U.S. $10.00; checks are to be made out to Family Process.
The surveys were initiated and conducted independently. To some extent they overlap. This is particularly true of the Bloch and Weiss effort in that it does not limit itself to a sector of the training process bounded by a single discipline, as do the other two papers. Despite some overlap, each paper stands independently; of particular interest are the varied analyses and special emphases each provides. We hope that their publication will stimulate similar studies in the years to come, so that family therapy can take advantage of the observation of its own growth and development. We are accustomed to including ourselves in the field of observation, so far as the family system is concerned; it seems reasonable to extend these perspectives to the more macroscopic field of the institutional development of family therapy. Of particular importance to us, and I believe to science generally, is the opportunity to observe a paradigmatic shift taking place with the development of this new field and the adoption of its associated epistemology by the senior professions of social work, psychology, and psychiatry. Family systems theory and practice have implications that extend beyond their own borders; they can make a significant contribution to the systems revolution that is taking place in science generally. These studies should be of use to practitioners, teachers, and students alike. It seems to me that their implications are clear: that training in family therapy at a sophisticated level is now to be a regular part of the future training of psychiatrists (possibly all physicians), psychologists, social workers, and psychiatric nurses and that, in addition, as a second distinctive career line, there is the new profession of family therapist, with its own entry point and academic pathway. My view is that society will support both lines of career development as far into the future as one can reasonably hope to see. The only logical ending to this will be a shift in the medical model from its present linear definitions of illness and treatment to an ecosystemic, biopsychosocial definition. These describe a historical crosssection through that process.     

Colour associates to semantic linear orders

Summary People were asked whether they had strong colour associates (rather than associations) for different linear orders. Eighteen informants responded that they associated colours with numbers, and ten that they associated colours with the days of the week. The colours associated with both linear orders were consistent between subjects and correlated with each other. The order of the associates correlated with the order noted in the anthropological linguistic typology of Berlin and Kay (1969). Together, the patterns noted indicate that the association of colours with linear orders is an orderly cognitive phenomenon. While no causal explanation of the phenomenon is given, some implications are suggested.     

Identification and classification of characters in two alphabets

Bilingual subjects were presented with pairs of characters drawn from either the English or the Hebrew alphabet. They were asked to indicate whether the two characters belonged to the same alphabet, or whether the two characters denoted the same sound, regardless of whether they belonged to the same alphabet. A model is proposed whereby the two characters are processed in parallel, with characters belonging to a nonnative alphabet requiring more processing time than characters belonging to one's native alphabet. The native-language effect appears to be localized peripherally. The data do not suppott models which categorically place identification before classification or vice versa.This research was supported by United States Public Health Service Grant MH-19705.     

Aspects of programmable calculator stimulus control and data acquisition in a psychophysiology laboratory

Advantages and disadvantages of programmable calculator control of research laboratories are discussed. Comparisons are drawn with microcomputers such as the Imsai 8080. While microcomputers have greater flexibility in sampling multiple measures at multiple rates and combining timing tasks with data acquisition, calculators are easier to program for applications combining data acquisition with mathematical processing. Calculators also offer advantages to laboratories that do not have access to programming or maintenance services.     

希望会成为失望吗?——图宾根1961年开讲词

文章从人类学一存在论视角重新界定了"希望"的具体内涵.希望会成为失望,而且会成为深痛的失望.因为第一,希望不是确信,希望与可失望性直接有关,本身包含有麻烦、迂回、挫折、失败等因素;第二,希望是一种向前开放状态,希望不是与既定的现存事物相联系,而是与为来的尚未存在的事物相联系.稳固的希望包含着事物的类本质,故通过对趋势-潜势的忠实观察而得到校准,并且依照自由王国的目标内容而成为尺度本身.对于一种政治制度来说,事先把握了的希望与原理,即人道的社会主义乃是检验其成绩的最可靠的标尺.     

Anticipation measures of sequence learning: manual versus oculomotor versions of the serial reaction time task

The serial reaction time (SRT) task has generated a very large amount of research. Nevertheless the debate continues as to the exact cognitive processes underlying implicit sequence learning. Thus, the first goal of this study is to elucidate the underlying cognitive processes enabling sequence acquisition. We therefore compared reaction time (RT) in sequence learning in a standard manual activated (MA) to that in an ocular activated (OA) version of the task, within a single experimental setting. The second goal is to use eye movement measures to compare anticipation, as an additional indication of sequence learning, between the two versions of the SRT. Performance of the group given the MA version of the task (n = 29) was compared with that of the group given the OA version (n = 30). The results showed that although overall, RT was faster for the OA group, the rate of sequence learning was similar to that of the MA group performing the standard version of the SRT. Because the stimulus-response association is automatic and exists prior to training in the OA task, the decreased reaction time in this version of the task reflects a purer measure of the sequence learning that occurs in the SRT task. The results of this study show that eye tracking anticipation can be measured directly and can serve as a direct measure of sequence learning. Finally, using the OA version of the SRT to study sequence learning presents a significant methodological contribution by making sequence learning studies possible among populations that struggle to perform manual responses.     

A simple system for the remote detection and analysis of sniffing in explosives detection dogs

In this article, we describe a device that we have developed, for both research and operational purposes, to assist handlers of sniffer dogs and improve efficiency of search. The device transmits sounds from the dog’s muzzle area to a listener, enabling determination of whether the dog is actually sniffing during a search. Both the aural and the computerized sound analyses enable study of the dog’s sniffing behavior under a variety of situations. Correlation of these data with the visually monitored behavior of the working dog contributes additional and important information and leads to a greater under-standing of detector dogs’ behavior and abilities.     

Reciprocity in a Securely Attached Mother-Infant Dyad

This article describes the interactions between a highly attuned, sensitive mother, who had the capacity to achieve primary maternal preoccupation, and her infant during his first four months of life. The evolving secure attachment patterns discerned from weekly observations in a naturalistic setting correspond with Beatrice Beebe’s findings using microanalysis of mother-infant face-to-face interactions to predict the nature of the four-month infant’s emerging internal working model of attachment. Using a series of vignettes, the author illustrates how this mother-infant dyad were adept at coordinating their attention, affective responses, vocal rhythms, and touch in ways that seemed to promote feelings of mutual recognition and enjoyment for them both. The mother’s capacity for reflective functioning enabled her to imagine what her baby was feeling and to consistently comfort him, contributing to the formation of their secure mother-infant bond.