Willingness to Use ADHD Self-Management: Mixed Methods Study of Perceptions by Adolescents and Parents

Little is known about perceptions surrounding self-management for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although such interventions appear commonly used and are considered essential components of the chronic care model. Our research is part of a mixed methods study that followed students at high and low risk for ADHD over 11 years. During the final study years, area-representative samples of 148 adolescents (54.8 % participation; 97 ADHD high-risk group; 51 low-risk peers) and 161 parents (59.4 % participation; 108 parents of high-risk adolescent; 53 parents of low-risk peer) completed a cross-sectional survey on community-identified self-management interventions for ADHD (activity outlets, sleep regulation, dietary restriction, homework help, family rules, and prayer). Respondents also answered open-ended questions addressing undesirable self-management effects, which were analyzed using grounded theory methods. High-risk adolescents expressed significantly lower willingness towards all self-management interventions than did adult respondents, except for increased activity outlets. They also reported lower receptivity towards sleep regulation and dietary restriction than did their low-risk peer group. No gender or race differences in self-management willingness were found, except for higher receptivity to prayer in African American respondents. Cost, perceived ineffectiveness, disruptions to routines, causation of interpersonal conflicts, and reduced future self-reliance were seen as potential undesirable effects. Findings suggest that activity-based ADHD interventions appear particularly acceptable across all demographic and risk groups, unlike sleep regulation and dietary approaches. Further research on self-care effectiveness is needed to incorporate adolescents’ viewpoints about ADHD self-management, as interventions may be acceptable to adults, but resisted by adolescents.     

Small on the left,large on the right: numbers orient visual attention onto space in preverbal infants

Numbers are represented as ordered magnitudes along a spatially oriented number line. While culture and formal education modulate the direction of this number–space mapping, it is a matter of debate whether its emergence is entirely driven by cultural experience. By registering 8–9‐month‐old infants’ eye movements, this study shows that numerical cues are critical in orienting infants’ visual attention towards a peripheral region of space that is congruent with the number's relative position on a left‐to‐right oriented representational continuum. This finding provides the first direct evidence that, in humans, the association between numbers and oriented spatial codes occurs before the acquisition of symbols or exposure to formal education, suggesting that the number line is not merely a product of human invention.     

Mindfulness training effects for parents and educators of children with special needs

Parents and teachers of children with special needs face unique social-emotional challenges in carrying out their caregiving roles. Stress associated with these roles impacts parents' and special educators' health and well-being, as well as the quality of their parenting and teaching. No rigorous studies have assessed whether mindfulness training (MT) might be an effective strategy to reduce stress and cultivate well-being and positive caregiving in these adults. This randomized controlled study assessed the efficacy of a 5-week MT program for parents and educators of children with special needs. Participants receiving MT showed significant reductions in stress and anxiety and increased mindfulness, self-compassion, and personal growth at program completion and at 2 months follow-up in contrast to waiting-list controls. Relational competence also showed significant positive changes, with medium-to-large effect sizes noted on measures of empathic concern and forgiveness. MT significantly influenced caregiving competence specific to teaching. Mindfulness changes at program completion mediated outcomes at follow-up, suggesting its importance in maintaining emotional balance and facilitating well-being in parents and teachers of children with developmental challenges. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).     

Long-term improvement in coping skills following multimodal treatment in war veterans with chronic PTSD

Due to the long-lasting and resistant symptoms characteristic of chronic combat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), its treatment is complex and often requires a tailored therapeutic approach incorporating both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. A multimodal approach of psychoeducative, sociotherapeutic, and dynamically oriented trauma-focused groups is described. We assessed the short- and long-term effectiveness of this therapeutic program by monitoring its impact on PTSD symptoms, depression, neurotic symptoms, coping skills, and quality of life for three years. The findings revealed short-term reduction in the symptoms of PTSD and depression, while the long-term results were manifested as the increased use of all coping mechanisms and a greater level of obsession.     

Temperament and negative semantic priming in children 7 to 12 years old

The present research assessed whether children with high and low scores on temperament traits differed in their ability to inhibit irrelevant task information in a lexical decision task. Children from 7 to 12 years old were classified based on temperament dimensions measured using a version of the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire. The participants were instructed to either attend to (and remember) or to ignore a masked prime word followed by a central probe target on which they made a lexical decision. The results revealed several notable outcomes. First of all, recognition memory was better for attended than ignored words, providing further evidence that attention instructions influenced the processing of the primes.

Secondly, although no negative priming effect was obtained in the “ignore” condition, 43% of children showed this effect. Thirdly, children scoring high on Inhibitory Control and Impulsivity showed ignored negative priming, whereas children scoring high on Inhibitory Control and low on Impulsivity ignored facilitation. Data are discussed within the framework of negative priming as a complex phenomenon that involves the interaction of different factors such as age, type of task, and certain temperament traits.     

Mapas «usted está aquí»: importancia de la alineación con el ambiente y puntos de correspondencia mapa-medio

Resumen

Este estudio se centra en la influencia de la alineación mapa/medio y del número de puntos de correspondencia mapa/medio sobre la interpretación de los mapas «Usted está aquí». Se llevó a cabo en el Campus Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, utilizándose un diseño factorial 2 x 2. Cada sujeto tenía que localizar un objeto en un mapa y desplazarse hacia él. Se utilizaron cuatro versiones diferentes de mapas y, como variables dependientes, una amplia gama de índices (tiempo de observación del mapa, tiempo invertido en llegar al punto-meta, éxito o fracaso en la tarea, diversas medidas del trayecto, legibilidad percibida del mapa, seguridad y grado de dificultad subjetiva de la tarea).

Los resultados indcaron que los sujetos tardan menos tiempo en interpretar y localizar un objetivo en un mapa cuando está alineado con el ambiente, lo perciben como más legible que uno no alienado, y seleccionan un trayecto más adecuado hacia el punto-meta.     

Desensibilización sistemática,inoculación de estrés y terapia inespecífica en el tratamiento de la ansiedad a las matemáticas

RESUMEN

Las autoras comienzan ofreciendo una panorámica general de las investigaciones sobre el síndrome de fobia a las matemáticas y la ansiedad ante los exámenes, explicando a continuación que el objetivo general de su estudio es desarrollar procedimientos de modificación de conducta que ayuden a estudiantes de Psicología, con una historia previa de conductas de evitación a los exámenes, a enfrentarse a las pruebas de psicología matemática. Más específicamente, se quiere comparar la eficacia de la Desensibilización Sistemática tradicional con un paquete cognitivo complejo desarrollada por ellas siguiendo el modelo de Inoculación de Estrés, y el valor de estas dos intervenciones específicas se compara, a su vez, con un grupo de terapia no orientado al problema. Tras describir el método y resultados, las autoras destacan en la discusión la eficacia de las tres intervenciones y el hecho de que se lograse afectar al rendimiento y no sólo a la ansiedad en matemáticas. Finalmente afirman que sus resultados apoyan la actualidad de la obra de Frank (1973, 1982), quien señala que una parte muy importante de los efectos psicoterapéuticos se debe a factores comunes a todas las terapias, en los que habitualmente no recae el peso explicativo.     

Estudio de las diferencias individuales en gastos atencionales,a partir de una tarea de papel y lápiz

Resumen

En este trabajo, que conjuga la tradición psicométrica con la perspectiva de procesamiento de información, se estudió si las diferencias en rendimiento observadas en los tests están asociados a diferencias individuales en gasto atencional. Fueron seleccionados 4 grupos extremos de sujetos en función de dos factores de inteligencia (verbal y espacial), los cuales realizaron una tarea de verificación de frases (tarea primaria) aisladamente o en conjunción con una de emparejamiento perceptivo (tarea secundaria). Se utilizaron como variables dependientes el número de aciertos de la tarea primaria, en ambas condiciones, y en la tarea secundaria, con tiempo limitado; y el número de errores en ambas tareas, sin límite de tiempo. Los sujetos altos verbales tuvieron más aciertos que los bajos verbales al ejecutar la tarea primaria en solitario, e iguales diferencias se encontraron entre altos y bajos espaciales; no se observaron diferencias en el número de errores. Al realizar ambas tareas concurrentemente, los altos verbales tienen mayor número de aciertos y cometen menos errores, en la tarea primaria, que los bajos verbales; los altos y bajos espaciales se diferencian únicamente en el número de aciertos. Estos resultados son discutidos y comparados con estudios diferenciales recientes.     

Differentiating core and co-opted mechanisms in calculation: The neuroimaging of calculation in aphasia

The role of language in exact calculation is the subject of debate. Some behavioral and functional neuroimaging investigations of healthy participants suggest that calculation requires language resources. However, there are also reports of individuals with severe aphasic language impairment who retain calculation ability. One possibility in resolving these discordant findings is that the neural basis of calculation has undergone significant reorganization in aphasic calculators. Using fMRI, we examined brain activations associated with exact addition and subtraction in two patients with severe agrammatic aphasia and retained calculation ability. Behavior and brain activations during two-digit addition and subtraction were compared to those of a group of 11 healthy, age-matched controls. Behavioral results confirmed that both patients retained calculation ability. Imaging findings revealed individual differences in processing, but also a similar activation pattern across patients and controls in bilateral parietal cortices. Patients differed from controls in small areas of increased activation in peri-lesional regions, a shift from left fronto-temporal activation to the contralateral region, and increased activations in bilateral superior parietal regions. Our results suggest that bilateral parietal cortex represents the core of the calculation network and, while healthy controls may recruit language resources to support calculation, these mechanisms are not mandatory in adult cognition.     

Stances on Assisted Suicide by Health and Social Care Professionals Working With Older Persons in Switzerland

This qualitative study investigated the personal and professional stances of 40 health and social care professionals confronted with assisted suicide of older persons living in nursing homes or supported by social welfare or home care and support services in French-speaking Switzerland. Requests of assisted suicide triggered questions with regard to the professional mission, the quality of accompaniment, values, and ethical principles. Four types of stances emerged from the analysis performed according to the principles of the grounded theory: favorable in principle, professional compromise, personal compromise, and opposed in principle. Each stance results from the combination of several dimensions: personal or professional concordance or compatibility with assisted suicide; implication in, and impact of, the process; appreciation of the process; and satisfaction with the resources at disposal. The differentiated stances adopted by professionals depend largely on their way of interpreting their mission, deontology, and the relationship to the older person.