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851.
Benjamin R. Doolittle 《Journal of religion and health》2010,49(1):88-95
Burnout has an important impact upon the professional satisfaction of clergy. Identifying protective behaviors that may prevent
against burnout is important for the long-term emotional health of individual clergy as well as the wider church. This research
reports findings among 358 parish-based clergy that identifies the prevalence of burnout and correlates this data with demographic
risk factors and protective behaviors. Clergy who met criteria for burnout were younger, identified themselves as being depressed
and unsatisfied with their spiritual life, and have endured a traumatic church placement. This research also suggests that
having a variety of interests and activities outside of one’s vocation may protect against burnout. In particular, behaviors
that enhance relationships—such as seeking mentors and attending retreats—as well as pursuing outside activities—such as regular
exercise and scholarly reading—protect against burnout. Further implications for the wider church are discussed. 相似文献
852.
Keisha M. Love Anthony W. Tatman Benjamin P. Chapman 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2010,47(1):30-37
Many universities have experienced financial hardships during the recent economic downturn. To save money, several have resorted to laying off employees, which has often resulted in increased work and stress for the remaining employees. Such an increase has the potential to adversely affect employees' sense of job satisfaction. This study created and tested the fit of a conceptual model containing role stress and interrole conflict as a way to account for employees' job satisfaction. The model demonstrated an acceptable fit to the data and contained several significant paths. Implications of the results, study limitations, and future directions for research are discussed. 相似文献
853.
Retrieving information from memory makes that information more recallable in the future than it otherwise would have been.
Optimizing retrieval practice has been assumed, on the basis of evidence and arguments tracing back to Landauer and Bjork
(1978), to require an expanding-interval schedule of successive retrievals, but recent findings suggest that expanding retrieval
practice may be inferior to uniform-interval retrieval practice when memory is tested after a long retention interval. We
report three experiments in which participants read educational passages and were then repeatedly tested, without feedback,
after an expanding or uniform sequence of intervals. On a test 1 week later, recall was enhanced by the expanding schedule,
but only when the task between successive retrievals was highly interfering with memory for the passage. These results suggest
that the extent to which learners benefit from expanding retrieval practice depends on the degree to which the to-belearned
information is vulnerable to forgetting. 相似文献
854.
Embodied theories of language propose that word meaning is inextricably tied to—grounded in—mental representations of perceptual,
motor, and affective experiences of the world. The four experiments described in this article demonstrate that accessing the
meanings of action verbs like smile, punch, and kick requires language understanders to activate modality-specific cognitive
representations responsible for performing and perceiving those same actions. The main task used is a word-image matching
task, where participants see an action verb and an image depicting an action. Their task is to decide as quickly as possible
whether the verb and the image depict the same action. Of critical interest is participants’ behavior when the verb and image
do not match, in which case the two actions can use the same effector or different effectors. In Experiment 1, we found that
participants took significantly longer to reject a verb-image pair when the actions depicted by the image and denoted by the
verb used the same effector than when they used different effectors. Experiment 2 yielded the same result when the order of
presentation was reversed, replicating the effect in Cantonese. Experiment 3 replicated the effect in English with a verb-verb
near-synonym task, and in Experiment 4, we once again replicated the effect with learners of English as a second language.
This robust interference effect, whereby a shared effector slows discrimination, shows that language understanders activate
effector-specific neurocognitive representations during both picture perception and action word understanding. 相似文献
855.
Chihak BJ Plumert JM Ziemer CJ Babu S Grechkin T Cremer JF Kearney JK 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2010,36(6):1535-1552
Two experiments examined how 10- and 12-year-old children and adults intercept moving gaps while bicycling in an immersive virtual environment. Participants rode an actual bicycle along a virtual roadway. At 12 test intersections, participants attempted to pass through a gap between 2 moving, car-sized blocks without stopping. The blocks were timed such that it was sometimes necessary for participants to adjust their speed in order to pass through the gap. We manipulated available visual information by presenting the target blocks in isolation in Experiment 1 and in streams of blocks in Experiment 2. In both experiments, adults had more time to spare than did children. Both groups had more time to spare when they were required to slow down than when they were required to speed up. Participants' behavior revealed a multistage interception strategy that cannot be explained by the use of a monotonic control law such as the constant bearing angle strategy. The General Discussion section focuses on possible sources of changes in perception-action coupling over development and on task-specific constraints that could underlie the observed interception strategy. 相似文献
856.
Niall D. Galbraith Ken I. Manktelow Neil G. Morris 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2010,101(4):621-635
Previous studies demonstrate that people high in delusional ideation exhibit a data‐gathering bias on inductive reasoning tasks. The current study set out to investigate the factors that may underpin such a bias by examining healthy individuals, classified as either high or low scorers on the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI). More specifically, whether high PDI scorers have a relatively poor appreciation of sample size and heterogeneity when making statistical judgments. In Expt 1, high PDI scorers made higher probability estimates when generalizing from a sample of 1 with regard to the heterogeneous human property of obesity. In Expt 2, this effect was replicated and was also observed in relation to the heterogeneous property of aggression. The findings suggest that delusion‐prone individuals are less appreciative of the importance of sample size when making statistical judgments about heterogeneous properties; this may underpin the data gathering bias observed in previous studies. There was some support for the hypothesis that threatening material would exacerbate high PDI scorers' indifference to sample size. 相似文献
857.
Stephane Valerio Benjamin J. Clark Jeremy H.M. Chan Carlton P. Frost Mark J. Harris Jeffrey S. Taube 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2010,93(4):495-505
Previous studies have identified neurons throughout the rat limbic system that fire as a function of the animal’s head direction (HD). This HD signal is particularly robust when rats locomote in the horizontal and vertical planes, but is severely attenuated when locomoting upside-down (Calton & Taube, 2005). Given the hypothesis that the HD signal represents an animal’s sense of directional heading, we evaluated whether rats could accurately navigate in an inverted (upside-down) orientation. The task required the animals to find an escape hole while locomoting inverted on a circular platform suspended from the ceiling. In Experiment 1, Long-Evans rats were trained to navigate to the escape hole by locomoting from either one or four start points. Interestingly, no animals from the 4-start point group reached criterion, even after 29 days of training. Animals in the 1-start point group reached criterion after about six training sessions. In Experiment 2, probe tests revealed that animals navigating from either 1- or 2-start points utilized distal visual landmarks for accurate orientation. However, subsequent probe tests revealed that their performance was markedly attenuated when navigating to the escape hole from a novel start point. This absence of flexibility while navigating upside-down was confirmed in Experiment 3 where we show that the rats do not learn to reach a place, but instead learn separate trajectories to the target hole(s). Based on these results we argue that inverted navigation primarily involves a simple directional strategy based on visual landmarks. 相似文献
858.
Beidas RS Benjamin CL Puleo CM Edmunds JM Kendall PC 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2010,17(2):142-153
The current article offers suggestions for ways to adapt empirically supported treatments (ESTs). A specific manualized EST (Coping Cat; Kendall & Hedtke, 2006a) is used to illustrate the concept of "flexibility within fidelity" (Kendall & Beidas, 2007; Kendall, Gosch, Furr, & Sood, 2008). Flexibility within fidelity stresses the importance of using ESTs while considering and taking into account individual client presentations. In this discussion, recommendations are offered for the use of the Coping Cat with younger youth, adolescents, and youth with secondary comorbidities (i.e., social skills deficits, inattentive symptoms, and depressive symptoms). 相似文献
859.
Benjamin D. Crowe 《The Journal of Ethics》2010,14(1):53-79
Recent years have witnessed a rehabilitation of early German Romanticism in philosophy, including a renewed interest in Romantic
ethics. Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829) is acknowledged as a key figure in this movement. While significant work has been done
on some aspects of his thought, his views on ethics have been surprisingly overlooked. This essay aims to redress this shortcoming
in the literature by examining the core themes of Schlegel’s ethics during the early phase of his career (1793–1801). I argue
that Schlegel’s position stands out against both the dominant Kantianism of his era, as well as against some of fellow Romantics.
I show how Schlegel anticipates contemporary philosophers such as Bernard Williams, Harry Frankfurt, John McDowell, and Stanley
Cavell in both his criticisms of traditional moral theory and in his attempts to develop a positive position. 相似文献
860.
David Morris 《Continental Philosophy Review》2010,43(2):141-165
This article clarifies Merleau-Ponty’s enigmatic, later concept of reversibility by showing how it is connected to the theme
of the genesis of sense. The article first traces reversibility through “Eye and Mind” and The Visible and the Invisible, in ways that link reversibility to a theme of the earlier philosophy, namely an interrelation in which activity and passivity
reverse to one another. This linkage is deepened through a detailed study of a passage on touch in the Phenomenology’s chapter on “Sensing,” which shows how reversibility is important to the genesis of sense, not from some already given origin,
but through a creative operation within being, beyond the perceiver, wherein the field of perception internally diverges into
active and passive moments. The article connects this point about the genesis of sense to themes in Merleau-Ponty’s lectures
on institution and passivity. Altogether the article shows how reversibility is a sign of a divergence and thence of a sort
of gap or excess in being that allows for a genesis of sense within being itself. 相似文献