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941.
Mace FC McComas JJ Mauro BC Progar PR Taylor B Ervin R Zangrillo AN 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》2009,32(2):293-300
We summarize a series of bidirectional research studies that demonstrate the persistence-strengthening effects of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior on problem behavior. We model a possible solution to this problem with rats followed by replication with a human clinical population. The importance of coordinated basic and applied research to stimulate new behavioral technologies is emphasized. 相似文献
942.
943.
Michael C. Anderson Benjamin J. Levy 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(4):189-194
ABSTRACT— When reminded of something we would prefer not to think about, we often try to exclude the unwanted memory from awareness. Recent research indicates that people control unwanted memories by stopping memory retrieval, using mechanisms similar to those used to stop reflexive motor responses. Controlling unwanted memories is implemented by the lateral prefrontal cortex, which acts to reduce activity in the hippocampus, thereby impairing retention of those memories. Individual differences in the efficacy of these systems may underlie variation in how well people control intrusive memories and adapt in the aftermath of trauma. This research supports the existence of an active forgetting process and establishes a neurocognitive model for inquiry into motivated forgetting. 相似文献
944.
Afroditi Pina Theresa A. Gannon Benjamin Saunders 《Aggression and violent behavior》2009,14(2):126-138
Sexual harassment has been recognized as a serious problem in the literature over the past 30 years. In this paper, we review the existing research surrounding the phenomenon of sexual harassment, paying particular attention to factors of relevance for understanding perpetrators of sexual harassment. We also provide an overview of the perplexing nature of sexual harassment and the various concerns that have surrounded the topic leading to its recognition. The different theoretical perspectives and models of sexual harassment (sociocultural, organizational, sex-role spillover, natural/biological, socio-cognitive, and four-factor) are also considered and reviewed. Finally, lack of empirical evidence and focus on assessment and treatment for harassers is recognized in this paper, and several suggestions are made for future research and treatment avenues relating to the sexual harasser. 相似文献
945.
Jonathan A. Farrimond Andrew J. Hill Nicholas A. Jones Gary J. Stephens Benjamin J. Whalley Claire M. Williams 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):446-451
We have designed and implemented a low-cost digital system using closed-circuit television cameras coupled to a digital acquisition
system for the recording of in vivo behavioral data in rodents and for allowing observation and recording of more than 10
animals simultaneously at a reduced cost, as compared with commercially available solutions. This system has been validated
using two experimental rodent models: one involving chemically induced seizures and one assessing appetite and feeding. We
present observational results showing comparable or improved levels of accuracy and observer consistency between this new
system and traditional methods in these experimental models, discuss advantages of the presented system over conventional
analog systems and commercially available digital systems, and propose possible extensions to the system and applications
to nonrodent studies. 相似文献
946.
The habitual action perspective suggests that where transport users have strong travel choice habits, motivation will have no effect on behaviour. This has commonly been demonstrated in situations where travel habits and intentions conflict, but in stable decision settings intentions and habits will correspond. This paper reports two studies which demonstrate the moderating effect of habit on the intention–behaviour relationship within established commuting contexts. Results illustrate how motivational accounts of travel behaviour may be misleading if statistical significance of correlational data is the main criterion for model acceptance. Alternative methods for theory testing are discussed, and strategies for disrupting driving habits reviewed. 相似文献
947.
Determining how both humans and animals make decisions in risky situations is a central problem in economics, experimental
psychology, behavioral economics, and neurobiology. Typically, humans are risk seeking for gains and risk averse for losses,
while animals may display a variety of preferences under risk depending on, amongst other factors, internal state. Such differences
in behavior may reflect major cognitive and cultural differences or they may reflect differences in the way risk sensitivity
is probed in humans and animals. Notably, in most studies humans make one or a few choices amongst hypothetical or real monetary
options, while animals make dozens of repeated choices amongst options offering primary rewards like food or drink. To address
this issue, we probed risk-sensitive decision making in human participants using a paradigm modeled on animal studies, in
which rewards were either small squirts of Gatorade or small amounts of real money. Possible outcomes and their probabilities
were not made explicit in either case. We found that individual patterns of decision making were strikingly similar for both
juice and for money, both in overall risk preferences and in trial-to-trial effects of reward outcome on choice. Comparison
with decisions made by monkeys for juice in a similar task revealed highly similar gambling styles. These results unite known
patterns of risk-sensitive decision making in human and nonhuman primates and suggest that factors such as the way a decision
is framed or internal state may underlie observed variation in risk preferences between and within species. 相似文献
948.
John G Scott Rebecca G Scott William L Miller Kurt C Stange Benjamin F Crabtree 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2009,4(1):11-9
The dominant unspoken philosophical basis of medical care in the United States is a form of Cartesian reductionism that views
the body as a machine and medical professionals as technicians whose job is to repair that machine. The purpose of this paper
is to advocate for an alternative philosophy of medicine based on the concept of healing relationships between clinicians
and patients. This is accomplished first by exploring the ethical and philosophical work of Pellegrino and Thomasma and then
by connecting Martin Buber's philosophical work on the nature of relationships to an empirically derived model of the medical
healing relationship. The Healing Relationship Model was developed by the authors through qualitative analysis of interviews
of physicians and patients. Clinician-patient healing relationships are a special form of what Buber calls I-Thou relationships, characterized by dialog and mutuality, but a mutuality limited by the inherent asymmetry of the clinician-patient
relationship. The Healing Relationship Model identifies three processes necessary for such relationships to develop and be
sustained: Valuing, Appreciating Power and Abiding. We explore in detail how these processes, as well as other components
of the model resonate with Buber's concepts of I-Thou and I-It relationships. The resulting combined conceptual model illuminates the wholeness underlying the dual roles of clinicians
as healers and providers of technical biomedicine. On the basis of our analysis, we argue that health care should be focused
on healing, with I-Thou relationships at its core. 相似文献
949.
This study takes a developmental psychopathological approach to examine mechanisms through which baseline levels of positive
emotionality (PE) and negative emotionality (NE) prospectively predict increases in anhedonic depressive symptoms in a community
sample of 350 adolescents (6th–10th graders). Dependent stressors mediated the relationship between baseline levels of NE
and anhedonic depressive symptoms after controlling for initial symptoms. Supportive relationships mediated the relationship
between baseline levels of PE and anhedonic depressive symptoms, after controlling for baseline symptoms. In addition, NE
X PE interacted to predict later anhedonic depressive symptoms, such that adolescents with low levels of PE and high levels
of NE experienced the greatest increase in anhedonic depressive symptoms. Last, supportive relationships interacted with baseline
PE to predict prospective changes in anhedonic depressive symptoms, such that adolescents with low PE and low supportive relationships
experienced the greatest increase in anhedonic depressive symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of current theoretical
models of the link between temperament and depression.
This work was supported, in part, by NIMH grants R03-MH 066845 and 1R01HD054736-01A1 to Benjamin L. Hankin. 相似文献
950.
Lahey BB Van Hulle CA Rathouz PJ Rodgers JL D'Onofrio BM Waldman ID 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(1):45-58
Inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behavior have been hypothesized to be developmental precursors to conduct problems.
We tested these hypotheses using a longitudinal sample of 6,466 offspring of women selected from nationally representative
US households. Conduct problems across 8–13 years were robustly predicted by conduct problems at 4–7 years, but also were
independently predicted to a small extent by both inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behaviors at 4–7 years. Longitudinal
multivariate behavior genetic analyses revealed that the genetic and environmental factors that influence conduct problems
at both 4–7 and 8–13 years also influence the putative precursors at 4–7 years. After genetic and environmental influences
on conduct problems at 4–7 years were taken into account, however, inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behavior at 4–7 years
shared causal influences with conduct problems 8–13 years to a negligible extent. These findings suggest that after early
conduct problems are controlled, little is gained in terms of prediction or understanding genetic and environmental influences
on later child conduct problems by treating early inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behavior as developmental precursors
to later conduct problems. 相似文献