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51.
52.
Benjamin AS Bjork RA 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2000,26(3):638-648
Tacit within both lay and cognitive conceptualizations of learning is the notion that those conditions of learning that foster "good" retention do so by increasing both the probability and the speed of access to the relevant information. In 3 experiments, time pressure during recognition is shown to decrease accessibility more for words learned via elaborative rehearsal than for words learned via rote rehearsal, despite the fact that elaborative rehearsal is a more efficacious learning strategy as measured by the probability of access. In Experiment 1, participants learned each word using both types of rehearsal, and the results show that access to the products of elaborative rehearsal is more compromised by time pressure than is access to the products of rote rehearsal. The results of Experiment 2, in which each word was learned via either pure rote or pure elaborative rehearsal, exhibit the same pattern. Experiment 3, in which the authors used the response-signal procedure, provides evidence that this difference in accessibility owes not to differences in the rate of access to the 2 types of traces, but rather to the higher asymptotic level of stored information for words learned via elaborative rehearsal. 相似文献
53.
Geoffrey?T.?HutchinsonEmail author Benjamin?P.?Chapman 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2005,35(2):145-155
Viktor Frankls Logotherapy and Albert Elliss Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) are at seemingly opposite ends of the psychotherapeutic spectrum. However, a close review of the assumptions and philosophy of each school of therapy reveals that these two systems are compatible. We propose that a Logotherapy-enhanced REBT can increase human achievement and happiness by balancing the individual discovery of meaning with the pursuit of reason. This integrated and enhanced therapy will help human beings participate in positive life experiences and take greater responsibility for change. Fruitful and beneficial aspects of a Logotherapy enhanced-REBT are explored with respect to cognitions, emotions, and the reduction of rumination. Conclusions are drawn, limitations are discussed, and future recommendations are outlined. 相似文献
54.
The authors examined the stability and dynamic structure of negative cognitions made to naturalistic stressors and the prediction of depressive symptoms in a daily diary study. Young adults reported on dispositional depression vulnerabilities at baseline, including a depressogenic cognitive style, dysfunctional attitudes, rumination, neuroticism, and initial depression, and then completed short diaries recording the inferences they made to the most negative event of the day along with their experience of depressive symptoms every day for 35 consecutive days. Daily cognitions about stressors exhibited moderate stability across time. A traitlike model, rather than a contextual one, explained this pattern of stability best. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed that individuals' dispositional depressogenic cognitive style, neuroticism, and their daily negative cognitions about stressors predicted fluctuations in daily depressive symptoms. Dispositional neuroticism and negative cognitive style interacted with daily negative cognitions in different ways to predict daily depressive symptoms. 相似文献
55.
Spouses often report that wives provide better social support than husbands. Yet studies observing spouses' supportive interactions challenge this perception, finding no differences between husbands' and wives' supportive behaviors. This article offers reconciliation by suggesting that husbands and wives may differ, not in their skill at providing support, but in their responsiveness to their partners' changing needs over time. Observational and diary data from couples confirmed that, whereas husbands and wives did not differ on average in the support they provided each other, they did differ in the timing of that support. Wives tended to provide better support on days that their husbands experienced greater stress. However, when wives experienced greater stress, their husbands displayed both support and negativity. 相似文献
56.
Sensations of acting and control have been neglected in theory of action. I argue that they form the core of action and are integral and indispensible parts of our actions, participating as they do in feedback loops consisting of our intentions in acting, the bodily movements required for acting and the sensations of acting. These feedback loops underlie all activities in which we engage when we act and generate our control over our movements.The events required for action according to the causal theory, or Searle’s theory, do not add up to agency. I find the agent at work, her engagement in her action, in her sensation of acting.It is often thought that bodily movements are either mere events or actions. I suggest that there is a third possibility: that they are activities which are not actions. Activities, whether they are actions or not, differ from mere events in that they are controlled from within the brain. They are actions only if this control forms agent control, that is, control in which the conscious mind, the agents’ intentions in acting and her sensations of acting, participates.Internally wayward actions are characterized by the fact that the person involved does not have a sensation of action and therefore does not control her movements. In the absence of such a sensation she does not act. 相似文献
57.
Bates BR 《The Journal of medical humanities》2005,26(4):259-272
This essay analyzes Senator Bill Frist's 2001 address to the American Society of Thoracic Surgeons. The author argues that the address represents an attempt to reframe physicians' political identity to authorize more active participation by them. Frist authorizes and demands such participation through the construction of a medical jeremiad. He argues that American physicians must have greater involvement to preserve the health of the body politic and to reassert physician control over the biomedical system. Although Frist's arguments are built on an apparently democratic form of address, his jeremiad illustrates aristocratic possibilities in medico-political rhetoric. 相似文献
58.
The aim of the present paper is to examine the contribution of evaluative conditioning (EC) to attitude formation theory in social psychology. This aim is pursued on two fronts. First, evaluative conditioning is analysed for its relevance to social psychological research. We show that conditioned attitudes can be acquired through simple co-occurrences of a neutral and a valenced stimulus. Moreover, we argue that conditioned attitudes are not confined to direct contact with a valenced stimulus, but can be formed and dynamically reformed indirectly, through association chains. Second, social research is examined in an effort to identify evaluative learning mechanisms. We suggest that several important phenomena in social psychology (e.g., ingroup favouritism, prejudice, name letter effect) are at least partly due to simple mechanisms of evaluative learning. The implications for attitude formation theory and for applied settings are discussed. 相似文献
59.
Bates BR 《Journal of genetic counseling》2005,14(6):423-434
Critics of genetic discourse are concerned that deterministic and discriminatory views of genetics are increasingly becoming
adopted. These views argue that current genetic discourse becomes a source of power whereby powerful institutions harm people
with so-called “bad” genes. This essay argues that current analyses of the power of genetics discourse are grounded in an
improper reading that disempowers patients. Deploying Michel Foucault's concept “care of the self,” this essay claims that
genetics discourse is better understood as a way that patients take on power through rhetoric rather than a force that has
power over patients. Through a close reading of the “My Family Health Portrait” program, this paper argues that patients experience
a process of “subjection” wherein they become agents of and objects of genetics discourse both. This alternative mode of analyzing
the power of genetics discourse has implications for our collective understanding of the operations of the care of the self
and the uses of genetic information that we propose. 相似文献
60.
Benjamin AS 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(5):874-879
Metamnemonic judgments are influenced by the retrievability of the target memory in question, but also by the familiarity
of the cue used to elicit such judgments. However, there have been few suggestions as to what factors mediate the influence
of these different sources of information on metamnemonic judgments. In this experiment, I examined the interactions between
prediction time pressure and variables that promote either cue familiarity or target retrievability. The data reveal that
target retrievability plays a larger role than does cue familiarity in fostering predictions of future recall made under unpressured
conditions, but that cue familiarity influences predictions that are speeded. This pattern is interpreted by analogy with
recognition memory: Mnemonic evidence based on familiarity is more impervious to the demands of time pressure than are the
products of deliberative retrieval. Several explanations for this effect are suggested. 相似文献