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911.
Much of the information about multisensory integration is derived from studies of the cat superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure involved in orientation behaviors. This integration is apparent in the enhanced responses of SC neurons to cross-modal stimuli, responses that exceed those to any of the modality-specific component stimuli. The simplest model of multisensory integration is one in which the SC neuron simply sums its various sensory inputs. However, a number of empirical findings reveal the inadequacy of such a model; for example, the finding that deactivation of cortico-collicular inputs eliminates the enhanced response to a cross-modal stimulus without eliminating responses to the modality-specific component stimuli. These and other empirical findings inform a computational model that accounts for all of the most fundamental aspects of SC multisensory integration. The model is presented in two forms: an algebraic form that conveys the essential insights, and a compartmental form that represents the neuronal computations in a more biologically realistic way. 相似文献
912.
Relatively little empirical evidence exists concerning variations in the quantity of instruction across learning in complex, real‐world tasks. Examination of driving instructors' remarks to pupils during actual lessons indicated the rate of comment declined in a coherent fashion across training, most consistent with a power function. The presence of a power law is reminiscent of learning functions found from studies in other skill domains when using indexes of performance, and suggests that quantity of instruction therefore might be used to assay the performance in complex tasks. The implications of these findings, for both basic and applied research, are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
913.
Samuels JF Bienvenu OJ Pinto A Fyer AJ McCracken JT Rauch SL Murphy DL Grados MA Greenberg BD Knowles JA Piacentini J Cannistraro PA Cullen B Riddle MA Rasmussen SA Pauls DL Willour VL Shugart YY Liang KY Hoehn-Saric R Nestadt G 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(4):673-686
Hoarding behavior occurs frequently in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results from previous studies suggest that individuals with OCD who have hoarding symptoms are clinically different than non-hoarders and may represent a distinct clinical group. In the present study, we compared 235 hoarding to 389 non-hoarding participants, all of whom had OCD, collected in the course of the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study. We found that, compared to non-hoarding individuals, hoarders were more likely to have symmetry obsessions and repeating, counting, and ordering compulsions; poorer insight; more severe illness; difficulty initiating or completing tasks; and indecision. Hoarders had a greater prevalence of social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. Hoarders also had a greater prevalence of obsessive-compulsive and dependent personality disorders. Five personality traits were independently associated with hoarding: miserliness, preoccupation with details, difficulty making decisions, odd behavior or appearance, and magical thinking. Hoarding and indecision were more prevalent in the relatives of hoarding than of non-hoarding probands. Hoarding in relatives was associated with indecision in probands, independently of proband hoarding status. The findings suggest that hoarding behavior may help differentiate a distinct clinical subgroup of people with OCD and may aggregate in some OCD families. Indecision may be a risk factor for hoarding in these families. 相似文献
914.
Premature termination from group psychotherapy continues to be a serious problem in the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Qualitative research is regarded as an important means to shed light upon the complex dynamics leading to dropout. We conducted an interview study with patients having a diagnosis of BPD (n = 8) who dropped out from long-term group psychotherapy as a continuation therapy following intensive day treatment. The group therapists for these patients were interviewed as well (n = 12). The findings suggest the operation of many processes that contribute to dropout. Most significant appeared to be experiences of separation and loss of the day hospital that were not worked through and a failure of the group to regulate and contain the patients' affects. To integrate patients at risk of premature termination it seems necessary to pay attention to the strong negative emotions that they experience in the group. A higher treatment intensity than weekly group sessions may help to promote more beneficial group processes. 相似文献
915.
Despite the substantial interest in memory for complex pictorial stimuli, there has been virtually no research comparing memory
for static scenes with that for their moving counterparts. We report that both monochrome and color moving images are better
remembered than static versions of the same stimuli at retention intervals up to one month. When participants studied a sequence
of still images, recognition performance was the same as that for single static images. These results are discussed within
a theoretical framework which draws upon previous studies of scene memory, face recognition, and representational momentum. 相似文献
916.
Eva Schoen Elizabeth M. Altmaier Benjamin Tallman 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(2):123-129
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an invasive and taxing treatment for certain cancers. This study investigated the psychological
constructs of optimism and dispositional coping and their relative predictive role for situational coping. Participants were
85 cancer patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of T-cell depletion for prevention of graft-versus-host disease
(GVHD) who completed baseline and 1-year interviews. Results of simultaneous regression analyses showed that optimism did
not predict situational instrumental or palliative coping strategies but was negatively predictive of situational avoidant
coping. Each of the three situational coping strategies was most strongly predicted by the corresponding dispositional coping
strategy.
This research was sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: N01-HB-47095, N01-HB-47097, N01-HB-47094 and
N01-HB-47098. 相似文献
917.
Pablo Briñol Richard E. Petty Benjamin Wagner 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(6):1053-1064
Building on the notion of embodied attitudes, we examined how body postures can influence self‐evaluations by affecting thought confidence, a meta‐cognitive process. Specifically, participants were asked to think about and write down their best or worse qualities while they were sitting down with their back erect and pushing their chest out (confident posture) or slouched forward with their back curved (doubtful posture). Then, participants completed a number of measures and reported their self‐evaluations. In line with the self‐validation hypothesis, we predicted and found that the effect of the direction of thoughts (positive/negative) on self‐related attitudes was significantly greater when participants wrote their thoughts in the confident than in the doubtful posture. These postures did not influence the number or quality of thoughts listed, but did have an impact on the confidence with which people held their thoughts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
918.
Mace FC McComas JJ Mauro BC Progar PR Taylor B Ervin R Zangrillo AN 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》2009,32(2):293-300
We summarize a series of bidirectional research studies that demonstrate the persistence-strengthening effects of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior on problem behavior. We model a possible solution to this problem with rats followed by replication with a human clinical population. The importance of coordinated basic and applied research to stimulate new behavioral technologies is emphasized. 相似文献
919.
920.
Michael C. Anderson Benjamin J. Levy 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(4):189-194
ABSTRACT— When reminded of something we would prefer not to think about, we often try to exclude the unwanted memory from awareness. Recent research indicates that people control unwanted memories by stopping memory retrieval, using mechanisms similar to those used to stop reflexive motor responses. Controlling unwanted memories is implemented by the lateral prefrontal cortex, which acts to reduce activity in the hippocampus, thereby impairing retention of those memories. Individual differences in the efficacy of these systems may underlie variation in how well people control intrusive memories and adapt in the aftermath of trauma. This research supports the existence of an active forgetting process and establishes a neurocognitive model for inquiry into motivated forgetting. 相似文献