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911.
Pablo Briñol Richard E. Petty Benjamin Wagner 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(6):1053-1064
Building on the notion of embodied attitudes, we examined how body postures can influence self‐evaluations by affecting thought confidence, a meta‐cognitive process. Specifically, participants were asked to think about and write down their best or worse qualities while they were sitting down with their back erect and pushing their chest out (confident posture) or slouched forward with their back curved (doubtful posture). Then, participants completed a number of measures and reported their self‐evaluations. In line with the self‐validation hypothesis, we predicted and found that the effect of the direction of thoughts (positive/negative) on self‐related attitudes was significantly greater when participants wrote their thoughts in the confident than in the doubtful posture. These postures did not influence the number or quality of thoughts listed, but did have an impact on the confidence with which people held their thoughts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
912.
Ludy T. Benjamin Jr. 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2009,45(4):400-402
913.
Mace FC McComas JJ Mauro BC Progar PR Taylor B Ervin R Zangrillo AN 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》2009,32(2):293-300
We summarize a series of bidirectional research studies that demonstrate the persistence-strengthening effects of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior on problem behavior. We model a possible solution to this problem with rats followed by replication with a human clinical population. The importance of coordinated basic and applied research to stimulate new behavioral technologies is emphasized. 相似文献
914.
Determining how both humans and animals make decisions in risky situations is a central problem in economics, experimental
psychology, behavioral economics, and neurobiology. Typically, humans are risk seeking for gains and risk averse for losses,
while animals may display a variety of preferences under risk depending on, amongst other factors, internal state. Such differences
in behavior may reflect major cognitive and cultural differences or they may reflect differences in the way risk sensitivity
is probed in humans and animals. Notably, in most studies humans make one or a few choices amongst hypothetical or real monetary
options, while animals make dozens of repeated choices amongst options offering primary rewards like food or drink. To address
this issue, we probed risk-sensitive decision making in human participants using a paradigm modeled on animal studies, in
which rewards were either small squirts of Gatorade or small amounts of real money. Possible outcomes and their probabilities
were not made explicit in either case. We found that individual patterns of decision making were strikingly similar for both
juice and for money, both in overall risk preferences and in trial-to-trial effects of reward outcome on choice. Comparison
with decisions made by monkeys for juice in a similar task revealed highly similar gambling styles. These results unite known
patterns of risk-sensitive decision making in human and nonhuman primates and suggest that factors such as the way a decision
is framed or internal state may underlie observed variation in risk preferences between and within species. 相似文献
915.
Benjamin van Buren Stefan Uddenberg Brian J. Scholl 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2016,23(3):797-802
Visual processing recovers not only simple features, such as color and shape, but also seemingly higher-level properties, such as animacy. Indeed, even abstract geometric shapes are readily perceived as intentional agents when they move in certain ways, and such percepts can dramatically influence behavior. In the wolfpack effect, for example, subjects maneuver a disc around a display in order to avoid several randomly moving darts. When the darts point toward the disc, subjects (falsely) perceive that the darts are chasing them, and this impairs several types of visuomotor performance. Are such effects reflexive, automatic features of visual processing? Or might they instead arise only as contingent strategies in tasks in which subjects must interact with (and thus focus on the features of) such objects? We explored these questions in an especially direct way—by embedding such displays into the background of a completely independent “foraging” task. Subjects now moved their disc to collect small “food” dots (which appeared sequentially in random locations) as quickly as possible. The darts were task-irrelevant, and subjects were encouraged to ignore them. Nevertheless, foraging was impaired when the randomly moving darts pointed at the subjects’ disc, as compared to control conditions in which they were either oriented orthogonally to the subjects’ disc or pointed at another moving shape—thereby controlling for nonsocial factors. The perception of animacy thus influences downstream visuomotor behavior in an automatic manner, such that subjects cannot completely override the influences of seemingly animate shapes even while attempting to ignore them. 相似文献
916.
Muhia M Willadt S Yee BK Feldon J Paterna JC Schwendener S Vogt K Kennedy MB Knuesel I 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2012,19(7):268-281
The synaptic Ras/Rap-GTPase-activating protein (SynGAP1) plays a unique role in regulating specific downstream intracellular events in response to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation. Constitutive heterozygous loss of SynGAP1 disrupts NMDAR-mediated physiological and behavioral processes, but the disruptions might be of developmental origin. Therefore, the precise role of SynGAP1 in the adult brain, including its relative functional significance within specific brain regions, remains unexplored. The present study constitutes the first attempt in achieving adult hippocampal-specific SynGAP1 knockout using the Cre/loxP approach. Here, we report that this manipulation led to a significant numerical increase in both small and large GluA1 and NR1 immunoreactive clusters, many of which were non-opposed to presynaptic terminals. In parallel, the observed marked decline in the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory currents (sEPSCs) and inter-event intervals supported the impression that SynGAP1 loss might facilitate the accumulation of extrasynaptic glutamatergic receptors. In addition, SynGAP1-mediated signaling appears to be critical for the proper integration and survival of newborn neurons. The manipulation impaired reversal learning in the probe test of the water maze and induced a delay-dependent impairment in spatial recognition memory. It did not significantly affect anxiety or reference memory acquisition but induced a substantial elevation in spontaneous locomotor activity in the open field test. Thus, the present study demonstrates the functional significance of SynGAP1 signaling in the adult brain by capturing several changes that are dependent on NMDAR and hippocampal integrity. 相似文献
917.
The effect of differential time-out (TO) durations (15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes) on assaultive behavior for 13 psychiatrically hospitalized children and adolescents was analyzed. For the total sample, no statistically significant difference in assault frequencies was evident. Also evident was the effect of time-out duration on time taken to become settled: the longer the time-out given, the longer the time needed to become calm. 相似文献
918.
Benjamin Matheson 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2014,75(3):197-206
In response to the problem of Hell, Buckareff and Plug (Relig Stud 41:39–54, 2005; Relig Stud 45:63–72, 2009) have recently proposed and defended an ‘escapist’ conception of Hell. In short, they propose that the problem of Hell does not arise because God places an open-door policy on Hell. In this paper, I expose a fundamental problem with this conception of Hell—namely, that if there’s an open door policy on Hell, then there should be one on Heaven too. I argue that a coherent conception of Heaven cannot have such a policy. Hence, escapism is not an adequate response to the problem of Hell. 相似文献
919.
Jonathan A. Farrimond Andrew J. Hill Nicholas A. Jones Gary J. Stephens Benjamin J. Whalley Claire M. Williams 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):446-451
We have designed and implemented a low-cost digital system using closed-circuit television cameras coupled to a digital acquisition
system for the recording of in vivo behavioral data in rodents and for allowing observation and recording of more than 10
animals simultaneously at a reduced cost, as compared with commercially available solutions. This system has been validated
using two experimental rodent models: one involving chemically induced seizures and one assessing appetite and feeding. We
present observational results showing comparable or improved levels of accuracy and observer consistency between this new
system and traditional methods in these experimental models, discuss advantages of the presented system over conventional
analog systems and commercially available digital systems, and propose possible extensions to the system and applications
to nonrodent studies. 相似文献
920.
John G Scott Rebecca G Scott William L Miller Kurt C Stange Benjamin F Crabtree 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2009,4(1):11-9
The dominant unspoken philosophical basis of medical care in the United States is a form of Cartesian reductionism that views
the body as a machine and medical professionals as technicians whose job is to repair that machine. The purpose of this paper
is to advocate for an alternative philosophy of medicine based on the concept of healing relationships between clinicians
and patients. This is accomplished first by exploring the ethical and philosophical work of Pellegrino and Thomasma and then
by connecting Martin Buber's philosophical work on the nature of relationships to an empirically derived model of the medical
healing relationship. The Healing Relationship Model was developed by the authors through qualitative analysis of interviews
of physicians and patients. Clinician-patient healing relationships are a special form of what Buber calls I-Thou relationships, characterized by dialog and mutuality, but a mutuality limited by the inherent asymmetry of the clinician-patient
relationship. The Healing Relationship Model identifies three processes necessary for such relationships to develop and be
sustained: Valuing, Appreciating Power and Abiding. We explore in detail how these processes, as well as other components
of the model resonate with Buber's concepts of I-Thou and I-It relationships. The resulting combined conceptual model illuminates the wholeness underlying the dual roles of clinicians
as healers and providers of technical biomedicine. On the basis of our analysis, we argue that health care should be focused
on healing, with I-Thou relationships at its core. 相似文献