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901.
The habitual action perspective suggests that where transport users have strong travel choice habits, motivation will have no effect on behaviour. This has commonly been demonstrated in situations where travel habits and intentions conflict, but in stable decision settings intentions and habits will correspond. This paper reports two studies which demonstrate the moderating effect of habit on the intention–behaviour relationship within established commuting contexts. Results illustrate how motivational accounts of travel behaviour may be misleading if statistical significance of correlational data is the main criterion for model acceptance. Alternative methods for theory testing are discussed, and strategies for disrupting driving habits reviewed. 相似文献
902.
Determining how both humans and animals make decisions in risky situations is a central problem in economics, experimental
psychology, behavioral economics, and neurobiology. Typically, humans are risk seeking for gains and risk averse for losses,
while animals may display a variety of preferences under risk depending on, amongst other factors, internal state. Such differences
in behavior may reflect major cognitive and cultural differences or they may reflect differences in the way risk sensitivity
is probed in humans and animals. Notably, in most studies humans make one or a few choices amongst hypothetical or real monetary
options, while animals make dozens of repeated choices amongst options offering primary rewards like food or drink. To address
this issue, we probed risk-sensitive decision making in human participants using a paradigm modeled on animal studies, in
which rewards were either small squirts of Gatorade or small amounts of real money. Possible outcomes and their probabilities
were not made explicit in either case. We found that individual patterns of decision making were strikingly similar for both
juice and for money, both in overall risk preferences and in trial-to-trial effects of reward outcome on choice. Comparison
with decisions made by monkeys for juice in a similar task revealed highly similar gambling styles. These results unite known
patterns of risk-sensitive decision making in human and nonhuman primates and suggest that factors such as the way a decision
is framed or internal state may underlie observed variation in risk preferences between and within species. 相似文献
903.
John G Scott Rebecca G Scott William L Miller Kurt C Stange Benjamin F Crabtree 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2009,4(1):11-9
The dominant unspoken philosophical basis of medical care in the United States is a form of Cartesian reductionism that views
the body as a machine and medical professionals as technicians whose job is to repair that machine. The purpose of this paper
is to advocate for an alternative philosophy of medicine based on the concept of healing relationships between clinicians
and patients. This is accomplished first by exploring the ethical and philosophical work of Pellegrino and Thomasma and then
by connecting Martin Buber's philosophical work on the nature of relationships to an empirically derived model of the medical
healing relationship. The Healing Relationship Model was developed by the authors through qualitative analysis of interviews
of physicians and patients. Clinician-patient healing relationships are a special form of what Buber calls I-Thou relationships, characterized by dialog and mutuality, but a mutuality limited by the inherent asymmetry of the clinician-patient
relationship. The Healing Relationship Model identifies three processes necessary for such relationships to develop and be
sustained: Valuing, Appreciating Power and Abiding. We explore in detail how these processes, as well as other components
of the model resonate with Buber's concepts of I-Thou and I-It relationships. The resulting combined conceptual model illuminates the wholeness underlying the dual roles of clinicians
as healers and providers of technical biomedicine. On the basis of our analysis, we argue that health care should be focused
on healing, with I-Thou relationships at its core. 相似文献
904.
This study takes a developmental psychopathological approach to examine mechanisms through which baseline levels of positive
emotionality (PE) and negative emotionality (NE) prospectively predict increases in anhedonic depressive symptoms in a community
sample of 350 adolescents (6th–10th graders). Dependent stressors mediated the relationship between baseline levels of NE
and anhedonic depressive symptoms after controlling for initial symptoms. Supportive relationships mediated the relationship
between baseline levels of PE and anhedonic depressive symptoms, after controlling for baseline symptoms. In addition, NE
X PE interacted to predict later anhedonic depressive symptoms, such that adolescents with low levels of PE and high levels
of NE experienced the greatest increase in anhedonic depressive symptoms. Last, supportive relationships interacted with baseline
PE to predict prospective changes in anhedonic depressive symptoms, such that adolescents with low PE and low supportive relationships
experienced the greatest increase in anhedonic depressive symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of current theoretical
models of the link between temperament and depression.
This work was supported, in part, by NIMH grants R03-MH 066845 and 1R01HD054736-01A1 to Benjamin L. Hankin. 相似文献
905.
Lahey BB Van Hulle CA Rathouz PJ Rodgers JL D'Onofrio BM Waldman ID 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(1):45-58
Inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behavior have been hypothesized to be developmental precursors to conduct problems.
We tested these hypotheses using a longitudinal sample of 6,466 offspring of women selected from nationally representative
US households. Conduct problems across 8–13 years were robustly predicted by conduct problems at 4–7 years, but also were
independently predicted to a small extent by both inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behaviors at 4–7 years. Longitudinal
multivariate behavior genetic analyses revealed that the genetic and environmental factors that influence conduct problems
at both 4–7 and 8–13 years also influence the putative precursors at 4–7 years. After genetic and environmental influences
on conduct problems at 4–7 years were taken into account, however, inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behavior at 4–7 years
shared causal influences with conduct problems 8–13 years to a negligible extent. These findings suggest that after early
conduct problems are controlled, little is gained in terms of prediction or understanding genetic and environmental influences
on later child conduct problems by treating early inattentive–hyperactive and oppositional behavior as developmental precursors
to later conduct problems. 相似文献
906.
Source monitoring can be influenced by information that is external to the study context, such as beliefs and general knowledge (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993). We investigated the extent to which metamnemonic judgments predict memory for items and sources when schematic information about the sources is or is not provided at encoding. Participants made judgments of learning (JOLs) to statements presented by two speakers and were informed of the occupation of each speaker either before or after the encoding session. Replicating earlier work, prior knowledge decreased participants’ tendency to erroneously attribute statements to schematically consistent but episodically incorrect speakers. The origin of this effect can be understood by examining the relationship between JOLs and performance: JOLs were equally predictive of item and source memory in the absence of prior knowledge, but were exclusively predictive of source memory when participants knew of the relationship between speakers and statements during study. Background knowledge determines the information that people solicit in service of metamnemonic judgments, suggesting that these judgments reflect control processes during encoding that reduce schematic errors. 相似文献
907.
People falsely endorse semantic associates and morpheme rearrangements of studied words at high rates in recognition testing.
The coexistence of these results is paradoxical: Models of reading that presume automatic extraction of meaning cannot account
for elevated false memory for foils that are related to studied stimuli only by their visual form; models without such a process
cannot account for false memory for semantic foils. Here we show how sentence and list study contexts encourage different
encoding modes and consequently lead to different patterns of memory errors. Participants studied compound words, such as
tailspin and floodgate, as single words or embedded in sentences. We show that sentence contexts led subjects to be better able to discriminate
conjunction lures (e.g., tailgate) from old words than did list contexts. Conversely, list contexts led to superior discrimination of semantic lures (e.g.,
nosedive) from old words than did sentence contexts. 相似文献
908.
Cheryl R. Kaiser Benjamin J. Drury Kerry E. Spalding Sapna Cheryan Laurie T. O’Brien 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(3):556-559
Do Americans think that, because of Barack Obama’s election, affirmative action and other policies that address racial injustice are no longer necessary? In this study, we examined this question by assessing participants’ perceptions of racial progress and support for remedying racial injustice both prior to and after Barack Obama’s presidential victory. Following the election, participants increased their perception that racism is less of a problem in the US today than in times past. They also expressed less support for policies designed to address racial inequality. Given the continued prevalence of racial disparities in virtually all aspects of American society, these results raise important implications for the status of policies aimed at eliminating racial injustice. 相似文献
909.
Ludy T. Benjamin Jr. 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2009,45(4):400-402
910.
Benjamin Mossel 《Philosophia》2009,37(2):307-333
Some philosophers have argued that refraining from performing an action consists in actively keeping oneself from performing
that action or preventing one’s performing it. Since activities must be held to be positive actions, this implies that negative
actions are a species of positive actions which is to say that all actions are positive actions.
I defend the following claims:
相似文献
(i) | Positive actions necessarily include activity or effort, negative actions may require activity or effort, but never include the activity or effort which may be required. |
(ii) | Unless it is, or was, at some time in P’s power to Q, P does not refrain from Q-ing. |
(iii) | Negative actions are actions, they are causings of negative facts. |
Benjamin MosselEmail: |