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931.
Eva Schoen Elizabeth M. Altmaier Benjamin Tallman 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(2):123-129
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an invasive and taxing treatment for certain cancers. This study investigated the psychological
constructs of optimism and dispositional coping and their relative predictive role for situational coping. Participants were
85 cancer patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of T-cell depletion for prevention of graft-versus-host disease
(GVHD) who completed baseline and 1-year interviews. Results of simultaneous regression analyses showed that optimism did
not predict situational instrumental or palliative coping strategies but was negatively predictive of situational avoidant
coping. Each of the three situational coping strategies was most strongly predicted by the corresponding dispositional coping
strategy.
This research was sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: N01-HB-47095, N01-HB-47097, N01-HB-47094 and
N01-HB-47098. 相似文献
932.
Pablo Briñol Richard E. Petty Benjamin Wagner 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(6):1053-1064
Building on the notion of embodied attitudes, we examined how body postures can influence self‐evaluations by affecting thought confidence, a meta‐cognitive process. Specifically, participants were asked to think about and write down their best or worse qualities while they were sitting down with their back erect and pushing their chest out (confident posture) or slouched forward with their back curved (doubtful posture). Then, participants completed a number of measures and reported their self‐evaluations. In line with the self‐validation hypothesis, we predicted and found that the effect of the direction of thoughts (positive/negative) on self‐related attitudes was significantly greater when participants wrote their thoughts in the confident than in the doubtful posture. These postures did not influence the number or quality of thoughts listed, but did have an impact on the confidence with which people held their thoughts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
933.
Mace FC McComas JJ Mauro BC Progar PR Taylor B Ervin R Zangrillo AN 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》2009,32(2):293-300
We summarize a series of bidirectional research studies that demonstrate the persistence-strengthening effects of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior on problem behavior. We model a possible solution to this problem with rats followed by replication with a human clinical population. The importance of coordinated basic and applied research to stimulate new behavioral technologies is emphasized. 相似文献
934.
935.
Michael C. Anderson Benjamin J. Levy 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(4):189-194
ABSTRACT— When reminded of something we would prefer not to think about, we often try to exclude the unwanted memory from awareness. Recent research indicates that people control unwanted memories by stopping memory retrieval, using mechanisms similar to those used to stop reflexive motor responses. Controlling unwanted memories is implemented by the lateral prefrontal cortex, which acts to reduce activity in the hippocampus, thereby impairing retention of those memories. Individual differences in the efficacy of these systems may underlie variation in how well people control intrusive memories and adapt in the aftermath of trauma. This research supports the existence of an active forgetting process and establishes a neurocognitive model for inquiry into motivated forgetting. 相似文献
936.
Afroditi Pina Theresa A. Gannon Benjamin Saunders 《Aggression and violent behavior》2009,14(2):126-138
Sexual harassment has been recognized as a serious problem in the literature over the past 30 years. In this paper, we review the existing research surrounding the phenomenon of sexual harassment, paying particular attention to factors of relevance for understanding perpetrators of sexual harassment. We also provide an overview of the perplexing nature of sexual harassment and the various concerns that have surrounded the topic leading to its recognition. The different theoretical perspectives and models of sexual harassment (sociocultural, organizational, sex-role spillover, natural/biological, socio-cognitive, and four-factor) are also considered and reviewed. Finally, lack of empirical evidence and focus on assessment and treatment for harassers is recognized in this paper, and several suggestions are made for future research and treatment avenues relating to the sexual harasser. 相似文献
937.
Jonathan A. Farrimond Andrew J. Hill Nicholas A. Jones Gary J. Stephens Benjamin J. Whalley Claire M. Williams 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):446-451
We have designed and implemented a low-cost digital system using closed-circuit television cameras coupled to a digital acquisition
system for the recording of in vivo behavioral data in rodents and for allowing observation and recording of more than 10
animals simultaneously at a reduced cost, as compared with commercially available solutions. This system has been validated
using two experimental rodent models: one involving chemically induced seizures and one assessing appetite and feeding. We
present observational results showing comparable or improved levels of accuracy and observer consistency between this new
system and traditional methods in these experimental models, discuss advantages of the presented system over conventional
analog systems and commercially available digital systems, and propose possible extensions to the system and applications
to nonrodent studies. 相似文献
938.
The habitual action perspective suggests that where transport users have strong travel choice habits, motivation will have no effect on behaviour. This has commonly been demonstrated in situations where travel habits and intentions conflict, but in stable decision settings intentions and habits will correspond. This paper reports two studies which demonstrate the moderating effect of habit on the intention–behaviour relationship within established commuting contexts. Results illustrate how motivational accounts of travel behaviour may be misleading if statistical significance of correlational data is the main criterion for model acceptance. Alternative methods for theory testing are discussed, and strategies for disrupting driving habits reviewed. 相似文献
939.
Determining how both humans and animals make decisions in risky situations is a central problem in economics, experimental
psychology, behavioral economics, and neurobiology. Typically, humans are risk seeking for gains and risk averse for losses,
while animals may display a variety of preferences under risk depending on, amongst other factors, internal state. Such differences
in behavior may reflect major cognitive and cultural differences or they may reflect differences in the way risk sensitivity
is probed in humans and animals. Notably, in most studies humans make one or a few choices amongst hypothetical or real monetary
options, while animals make dozens of repeated choices amongst options offering primary rewards like food or drink. To address
this issue, we probed risk-sensitive decision making in human participants using a paradigm modeled on animal studies, in
which rewards were either small squirts of Gatorade or small amounts of real money. Possible outcomes and their probabilities
were not made explicit in either case. We found that individual patterns of decision making were strikingly similar for both
juice and for money, both in overall risk preferences and in trial-to-trial effects of reward outcome on choice. Comparison
with decisions made by monkeys for juice in a similar task revealed highly similar gambling styles. These results unite known
patterns of risk-sensitive decision making in human and nonhuman primates and suggest that factors such as the way a decision
is framed or internal state may underlie observed variation in risk preferences between and within species. 相似文献
940.
John G Scott Rebecca G Scott William L Miller Kurt C Stange Benjamin F Crabtree 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2009,4(1):11-9
The dominant unspoken philosophical basis of medical care in the United States is a form of Cartesian reductionism that views
the body as a machine and medical professionals as technicians whose job is to repair that machine. The purpose of this paper
is to advocate for an alternative philosophy of medicine based on the concept of healing relationships between clinicians
and patients. This is accomplished first by exploring the ethical and philosophical work of Pellegrino and Thomasma and then
by connecting Martin Buber's philosophical work on the nature of relationships to an empirically derived model of the medical
healing relationship. The Healing Relationship Model was developed by the authors through qualitative analysis of interviews
of physicians and patients. Clinician-patient healing relationships are a special form of what Buber calls I-Thou relationships, characterized by dialog and mutuality, but a mutuality limited by the inherent asymmetry of the clinician-patient
relationship. The Healing Relationship Model identifies three processes necessary for such relationships to develop and be
sustained: Valuing, Appreciating Power and Abiding. We explore in detail how these processes, as well as other components
of the model resonate with Buber's concepts of I-Thou and I-It relationships. The resulting combined conceptual model illuminates the wholeness underlying the dual roles of clinicians
as healers and providers of technical biomedicine. On the basis of our analysis, we argue that health care should be focused
on healing, with I-Thou relationships at its core. 相似文献