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91.
Sven Ove Hansson 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2010,13(5):585-593
In the last half century, decision theory has had a deep influence on moral theory. Its impact has largely been beneficial.
However, it has also given rise to some problems, two of which are discussed here. First, issues such as risk-taking and risk
imposition have been left out of ethics since they are believed to belong to decision theory, and consequently the ethical
aspects of these issues have not been treated in either discipline. Secondly, ethics has adopted the decision-theoretical
idea that action-guidance has to be based on cause–effect or means–ends relationships between an individual action and its
possible outcomes. This is problematic since the morally relevant connections between an action and future events are not
fully covered by such relationships. In response to the first problem it is proposed that moral theory should deal directly
and extensively with issues such as risk-taking and risk imposition, thereby intruding unabashedly into the traditional territory
of decision theory. As a partial response to the second problem it is proposed that moral theorizing should release itself
from the decision-theoretical requirement that the moral status of an action has to be derivable from the consequences (or
other properties) that are assignable to that action alone. In particular, the effects that an action can have in combination
with other actions by the same or other agents are valid arguments in an action-guiding moral discourse, even if its contribution
to these combined consequences cannot be isolated and evaluated separately. 相似文献
92.
93.
Sven Ove Hansson 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2013,8(3):498
Philosophy has to be communicable in language, and therefore, whatever it has to say must be expressible in (some) language. But in order to make progress, philosophy has to gradually extend and improve its terminological apparatus. It is argued that logical formalization is a highly useful tool for discovering and confirming distinctions that are not present in ordinary language or in pre-existing philosophical terminology. In particular, it is proposed that if two usages of a word require different logical formalizations, then that is a strong reason to distinguish between them also in informal philosophy. The distinction between two types of normative conditionals, conditional veritable norms and conditional normative rules, is used as an example to corroborate this proposal. 相似文献
94.
Although stability is a central notion in several academic disciplines, the parallelsremain unexplored since previous discussions of the concept have been almostexclusively subject-specific. In the literature we have found three basic conceptsof stability, that we call constancy, robustness, and resilience. They are all foundin both the natural and the social sciences. To analyze the three concepts we introducea general formal framework in which stability relates to transitions between states. Itcan then be shown that robustness is a limiting case of resilience, whereas neitherconstancy nor resilience can be defined in terms of the other. Hence, there are twobasic concepts of stability, both of which are used in both the social and the naturalsciences. This congruence in the concepts of stability is of particular interest forendeavours to construct models that represent both natural and social phenomena. 相似文献
95.
Tobias Hansson Wahlberg 《Axiomathes》2011,21(4):507-529
This paper asks whether persistence can be a matter of convention. It argues that in a rather unexciting de dicto sense persistence
is indeed a matter of convention, but it rejects the notion that persistence can be a matter of convention in a more substantial
de re sense. However, scenarios can be imagined that appear to involve conventional persistence of the latter kind. Since
there are strong reasons for thinking that such conventionality is impossible, it is desirable that our metaphysical-cum-semantic
theories of persistence be able to account for such scenarios in terms of conventions of the first kind. Later parts of the
article therefore investigate whether three of the currently most influential metaphysical-cum-semantic theories of persistence—the
endurance theory, the stage theory, and the perdurance theory—can do this. Fortunately, for them, it turns out that all can,
though some philosophers have disputed this. However, when we ask how they account for a typical case of “conventional persistence”
some problematic features of the theories—having to do with reference, persistence conditions, how they relate, and the epistemology
of persistence—are revealed. 相似文献
96.
Most couples therapy theories are developed and tested in the USA. In this clinical study, we investigated such therapies in a Swedish context. Over 300 couples were enrolled in the study of whom just under half completed the end‐of‐treatment assessment and just over 40 per cent a two‐year follow‐up. At the start, the study group displayed severe problems in marital adjustment, dyadic interactions and psychiatric symptoms. A relatively short treatment was used and 50 per cent of the couples attended less than nine sessions. Outcomes of treatment showed significant improvements in relationship matters, individual mental health and enhanced coping abilities. At long‐term follow‐up, all results remained the same and in some aspects improved for both sexes. This study confirms the effectiveness of such therapies in a Swedish context. 相似文献
97.
98.
Masterton M Hansson MG Höglund AT Helgesson G 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2007,28(2):137-149
Queen Christina of Sweden was unconventional in her time, leading to hypotheses on her gender and possible hermaphroditic nature. If genetic analysis can substantiate the latter claim, could this bring the queen into disrepute 300 years after her death? Joan C. Callahan has argued that if a reputation changes, this constitutes a change only in the group of people changing their views and not in the person whose reputation it is. Is this so? This paper analyses what constitutes change and draws out the implications to the reputation of the dead. It is argued that a reputation is a relational property which can go through changes. The change is “real” for the group changing their views on Queen Christina and of a Cambridge kind for the long dead queen herself. Cambridge changes result in new properties being acquired, some of which can be of significance. Although the dead cannot go through any non-relational changes, it is possible for the dead to change properties through Cambridge changes. In this sense changes in reputation do affect the dead, and thus Queen Christina can acquire a new property, in this case possibly a worse reputation. 相似文献
99.
Hypothetical Retrospection 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sven Ove Hansson 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2007,10(2):145-157
Moral theory has mostly focused on idealized situations in which the morally relevant properties of human actions can be known
beforehand. Here, a framework is proposed that is intended to sharpen moral intuitions and improve moral argumentation in
problems involving risk and uncertainty. Guidelines are proposed for a systematic search of suitable future viewpoints for
hypothetical retrospection. In hypothetical retrospection, a decision is evaluated under the assumption that one of the branches
of possible future developments has materialized. This evaluation is based on the deliberator’s present values, and each decision
is judged in relation to the information available when it was taken. The basic decision rule is to choose an alternative
that comes out as morally acceptable (permissible) from all hypothetical retrospections.
相似文献
Sven Ove HanssonEmail: |
100.
Sven Ove Hansson 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2009,38(2):127-149
By replacement is meant an operation that replaces one sentence by another in a belief set. Replacement can be used as a kind
of Sheffer stroke for belief change, since contraction, revision, and expansion can all be defined in terms of it. Replacement
can also be defined either in terms of contraction or in terms of revision. Close connections are shown to hold between axioms
for replacement and axioms for contraction and revision. Partial meet replacement is axiomatically characterized. It is shown
that this operation can have outcomes that are not obtainable through either partial meet contraction or partial meet revision. 相似文献