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251.
A conceptual replication of the assigned-behavior conditions of previous research in attitude attribution was conducted. Participants made attitude attributions about themselves and also about others who had either given, listened to, or not been exposed to either a proattitudinal or counterattitudinal essay. The position adopted in the essay significantly affected the attitudes attributed to those assigned to deliver the essay. Essay position had an equally strong effect upon attitudes attributed to those who merely listened to the essay, however. Thus, the fact that the actor had delivered a particular assigned essay apparently did not in itself convey information to the observers about the actor's attitudes. Experimental results suggested that essay direction affects attitudes attitudes attributed to others in an assigned-behavior setting because observers use their own attitudes to infer the attitudes of others. Since observers' own attitudes change after exposure to different essays, they attribute different attitudes to others. 相似文献
252.
Enkvist T Newell B Juslin P Olsson H 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2006,32(1):163-179
Previous studies have suggested better learning when people actively intervene rather than when they passively observe the stimuli in a judgment task. In 4 experiments, the authors investigated the hypothesis that this improvement is associated with a shift from exemplar memory to cue abstraction. In a multiple-cue judgment task with continuous cues, the data replicated the improvement with intervention and participants who experimented more actively produced more accurate judgments. In a multiple-cue judgment task with binary cues, intervention produced poorer accuracy and participants who experimented more actively produced poorer judgments. These results provide no support for a representational shift but suggest that the improvement with active intervention may be limited to certain tasks and environments. 相似文献
253.
Insight and strategy in multiple-cue learning 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Lagnado DA Newell BR Kahan S Shanks DR 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2006,135(2):162-183
In multiple-cue learning (also known as probabilistic category learning) people acquire information about cue-outcome relations and combine these into predictions or judgments. Previous researchers claimed that people can achieve high levels of performance without explicit knowledge of the task structure or insight into their own judgment policies. It has also been argued that people use a variety of suboptimal strategies to solve such tasks. In three experiments the authors reexamined these conclusions by introducing novel measures of task knowledge and self-insight and using "rolling regression" methods to analyze individual learning. Participants successfully learned a four-cue probabilistic environment and showed accurate knowledge of both the task structure and their own judgment processes. Learning analyses suggested that the apparent use of suboptimal strategies emerges from the incremental tracking of statistical contingencies in the environment. 相似文献
254.
Students, the future Information and Communication Technology (ICT) professionals, are often perceived to have little understanding
of the ethical issues associated with the use of ICTs. There is a growing recognition that the moral issues associated with
the use of the new technologies should be brought to the attention of students. Furthermore, they should be encouraged to
explore and think more deeply about the social and legal consequences of the use of ICTs.
This paper describes the development of a tool designed to raise students’ awareness of the social impact of ICTs. The tool
offers guidance to students undertaking computing and computer-related courses when considering the social, legal and professional
implications of the actions of participants in situations of ethical conflict. However, unlike previous work in this field,
this tool is not based on an artificial intelligence paradigm. Aspects of the theoretical basis for the design of the tool
and the tool’s practical development are discussed. Preliminary results from the testing of the tool are also discussed.
An earlier version of this paper was presented by one of the authors at the First International Conference on Teaching Applied
and Professional Ethics in Higher Education, Federal University of Surrey Centre for Applied Ethics, Southlands College, Roehampton,
London, 2–4 September, 2003. 相似文献
255.
Newell BR 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2005,9(1):11-15
The appeal of simple algorithms that take account of both the constraints of human cognitive capacity and the structure of environments has been an enduring theme in cognitive science. A novel version of such a boundedly rational perspective views the mind as containing an 'adaptive toolbox' of specialized cognitive heuristics suited to different problems. Although intuitively appealing, when this version was proposed, empirical evidence for the use of such heuristics was scant. I argue that in the light of empirical studies carried out since then, it is time this 'vision of rationality' was revised. An alternative view based on integrative models rather than collections of heuristics is proposed. 相似文献
256.
Albrecht TL Ruckdeschel JC Ray FL Pethe BJ Riddle DL Strohm J Penner LA Coovert MD Quinn G Blanchard CG 《Behavior research methods》2005,37(1):165-169
Recording and analyzing real-time interactions in clinical settings is important for basic and applied research in psychology
and other disciplines. Investigators frequently have used simple audiotaping procedures to record these encounters (e.g.,
Roter, Geller, Bernhardt, Larson, & Doksum, 1999), but videorecording is increasingly viewed as more reliable and valid, because
it captures the full range of complex and interdependent verbal and nonverbal behaviors that occur in an interaction. This
article describes a system designed to videotape clinical interactions in a manner that can be moved in and out of different
clinical rooms to preserve flexibility in its use. Data are presented to demonstrate that the system is unobtrusive during
the interaction, yet fully compatible with institutional review board guidelines to protect human participants’ privacy and
freedom to control the recording process. 相似文献
257.
Suzanne C. Thompson Craig Thomas Cheryl A. Rickabaugh Peerapong Tantamjarik Teresa Otsuki David Pan Ben F. Garcia & Evan Sinar 《Journal of personality》1998,66(4):583-605
Beliefs about appearance-related changes due to aging were used to test the effects of perceived control and secondary control (acceptance) in a sample of 412 young, early-middle-age, and late-middle-age college-educated adults. Mean difference in aging-related appearance control and hypotheses regarding the adaptiveness of primary and secondary control were examined. Primary control over aging-related appearance was lower in older adults and secondary control was higher. In addition, the results indicated support for the Primacy/Back-Up Model that primary perceived control is important at all levels of actual control. Those with stronger beliefs in their primary control were less distressed. Secondary control served a back-up function in that it was related to less distress only for those who had medium or lower beliefs in primary control. The implications of these findings, that primary control may be advantageous even in low-control circumstances, are discussed. 相似文献
258.
Ben Bauer Pierre Jolicoeur William B. Cowan 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1998,60(6):1083-1093
Bauer, Jolicoeur, and Cowan (1996b, 1996c) demonstrated difficult visual search for color targets that were not linearly separable (in color space) from two distractor colors and easier search for linearly separable targets. This suggested that search is mediated by a chromatically linear discrimination mechanism (see D’Zmura, 1991). However, in those experiments, the targets that were not linearly separable fell midway between the distractor colors and thus corresponded to the admix of the distractor colors. An alternate interpretation of the results of Bauer et al. is that search was more difficult when the target corresponded to the distractor admix than when it did not. We tested this hypothesis in three experiments by contrasting conditions in which a target that was not linearly separable did or did not correspond to the admix of the distractor colors. In all cases, a target that was not linearly separable produced difficult search, demonstrating that linear separability determines search performance. 相似文献
259.
260.
Ben Spiecker 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》1990,10(2):157-164
In this article an analysis of trust is given and two basic forms of trust are distinguished, viz., trust in powers and trust in inclinations. These forms of trust allow us to gain a better understanding in the pivotal role trust plays in the relationship between caretakers, parents and children. It is argued that it makes no sense to speak about basic mistrust of infants, and that having unlimited trust in the inclinations of adults is only a virtue in children. By having trust in both the powers and inclinations of children, parents stimulate the development of their self-confidence and moral identity. 相似文献