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601.
Ben Bradley 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2006,9(2):111-130
Recent literature on intrinsic value contains a number of disputes about the nature of the concept. On the one hand, there are those who think states of affairs, such as states of pleasure or desire satisfaction, are the bearers of intrinsic value (“Mooreans”); on the other hand, there are those who think concrete objects, like people, are intrinsically valuable (“Kantians”). The contention of this paper is that there is not a single concept of intrinsic value about which Mooreans and Kantians have disagreed, but rather two distinct concepts. I state a number of principles about intrinsic value that have typically (though not universally) been held by Mooreans, all of which are typically denied by Kantians. I show that there are distinct theoretical roles for a concept of intrinsic value to play in a moral framework. When we notice these distinct theoretical roles, we should realize that there is room for two distinct concepts of intrinsic value within a single moral framework: one that accords with some or all of the Moorean principles, and one that does not. 相似文献
602.
603.
Ben A. Williams 《Learning and motivation》1985,16(4):423-443
Rats were trained on a discrete-trial procedure in which one alternative (VR) was correlated with a constant probability of reinforcement while the other was correlated with a VI schedule which ran during the intertrial intervals and held the scheduled reinforcer until they were obtained by the next VI response. Relative reinforcement rate was varied in series of conditions in which the VR schedule was varied and in series in which the VI was varied. Choice behavior was described well by the generalized matching law, although moderate undermatching occurred for all subjects. Contrary to the predictions of molar maximizing (optimality) theories, there was no consistent bias in favor of the ratio alternative, and the sensitivity to reinforcement allocation was not systematically affected by whether the ratio or interval schedule was varied. The results were also contrary to momentary maximizing accounts, as there was no correspondence between the probability of a changeover to the VI behavior and the time since the last response to the VI alternative. Neither variety of maximizing theory appears to provide a general explanation of matching in concurrent schedules. 相似文献
604.
605.
Ben M. Clopton 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1972,17(3):473-481
Monkeys were trained to detect 100-msec increments in the intensity of continuous white noise. A response on one of two bars was reinforced with some probability if it conformed to the presence or absence of the increment on that trial. Stimulus parameters of background intensity, increment size, and probability of increment presentation were varied, and response probabilities and latencies were recorded. The task was analogous to the "yes-no" task used in human psychophysics. Data analysis within the context of signal-detection theory revealed response biasing toward one bar or the other to be related to the probability of increment presentation, whereas sensitivity depended on the combination of increment size and background noise intensity. Weber's law was found to hold for a large range of background intensities in that the sensitivity to relative intensity increments varied little. Performance was compared to that of an ideal observer that uses samples of the envelope of the noise waveform on which to base its responses. 相似文献
606.
Robert Belmaker Eugenia Proctor Ben W. Feather 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1972,7(2):97-106
The physiological mechanism involved in human operant heart rate conditioning is not known. If skeletal muscle tension is a mediator, it should be possible to generate significant heart rate increases by inconspicuous voluntary muscle tension. Eleven subjects were instructed to generate inconspicuous muscle tension for 90-second periods. No gross muscle movements were observed, but average heart rate during the trials was over 13 beats-per-minute greater than pre-trial base lines. Respiratory pattern changes and surface electromyogram changes did not reliably correlate with heart rate increases. Inconspicuous muscle tension could be a mediator in human operant heart rate conditioning, and cannot be ruled out by absence of change in respiratory pattern or electromyogram. 相似文献
607.
Two groups of 8 Ss memorized three lists of consonental phonemes. The length of the memorized lists (M) was one, two, and four phonemes. Test words were presented, and reaction time (RT) for S to say whether or not the word started with a member of the memorized list was measured. RT increased with M. In one group, the phonemes comprising the memorized sets were dissimilar. RT increased linearly with M for that group. In the other group, the phonemes comprising the sets were similar. The function relating RT to M appeared to deviate from linearity. Even after extended practice, all the evidence was consistent with a somewhat modified serial model of memory retrieval. 相似文献
608.
A procedure for producing a null stimulus (S0) in a CRT task is described. The S0 produced is shown to elicit reactions that have characteristics of responses given to stimuli (S1) that appear in regular CRT tasks. It was also discovered that, in this procedure, the initiation of S0 sampling comes earlier than that of S1 when S0 and S1 appear in the same CRT task. The nature of S0 as well as the apparent reasons for its early sampling are discussed. 相似文献
609.
Drury R. Sherrod Donald Armstrong Jeffrey Hewitt Ben Madonia Steven Speno Darryl Teruya 《Journal of applied social psychology》1977,7(4):359-371
Three experiments were conducted concerning the effect of attention to positive or negative images of the physical environment on altruistic behavior: I. Some subjects listed and described aspects of their residential environments that were particularly pleasant while others described particularly unpleasant aspects. II. Subjects were exposed to slides of either attractive or unattractive outdoor environments. III. Subjects viewed slides of either attractive or unattractive environments while adopting an attentional set that focused only on positive or negative aspects of the slides. After these manipulations, subjects in each experiment encountered an ostensibly unrelated confederate who sought their assistance as a favor. Experiment I subjects who had thought about pleasant environments spent significantly more time helping than those who thought about unpleasant enviornments. Experiment II subjects who saw slides of attractive environments offered significantly more aid for a longer time period than subjects who saw slides of unattractive environments. Experiment III subjects who focused on positive aspects of attractive enviornments gave more help than subjects who focused on negative aspects of attractive environments, though overall differences were not significant. Attentional set produced no differential helping effects in subjects who had viewed unattractive environments. In all three experiments mood or affect was discussed as mediating the impact of environments on behavior. 相似文献
610.
Jeremy J. Foster Derek Wilkie Ben Moss 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》1996,4(3):122-128
This paper presents a survey designed to identify the procedures used by British university departments when selecting academic staff and compare them with typical practice in other UK organizations. The results indicate that, compared with other large organizations, university departments make much less use of psychometric tests or assessment centres, relying heavily on the application form, a single interview and a presentation. There were no differences between academic departments of English, Biology or Psychology and the level of academic appointment only affected the composition of the interview panel. Possible reasons for the failure to use modern objective methods of selection are considered. It is argued that universities should apply more objective selection methods based on a full analysis of the competencies required of the higher education lecturer. 相似文献