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31.
Sharon A. Borthwick-Duffy Ph.D. David S. Palmer Ph.D. Kathleen L. Lane M.A. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1996,6(3):311-329
Recent studies have documented the increasing trend among school districts toward adopting full inclusion as the predominant model for serving students who qualify for special education services. Although these data may suggest that a paradigm shift has already taken place and that a consensus of opinion has been achieved, several organizations representing students with specific disabilities continue to support a continuum of placement options. This paper challenges a one size fits all approach to special education, and highlights the importance of considering the individual characteristics of students. The relevance of research on full inclusion, as well as methodological issues that limit generalizability of findings related to student outcomes, are discussed. The radical perspective of full inclusion is rejected in favor of an approach that emphasizes the complexities of placement decisions. 相似文献
32.
Susan J. Palmer 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》1996,11(3):303-318
Based on research conducted in Québec, this study explores the shape of the social life, apocalyptic ideology and authority structure of the Ordre du Temple Solaire (OTS) or Solar Temple within the framework of Mary Douglas's typology of ‘group and grid’. The pollution fears and purity rituals of this controversial new religious movement are analysed as an important factor in their decision to orchestrate a religiously‐motivated mass suicide/homicide, explained in their suicide documents as a ‘transit’ (a magical feat of soul travel) to the Star Sirius. Douglas's insights into how the human body becomes a ‘natural symbol’ for small, persecuted groups, mirroring the social body and the vulnerability of its exits and entrances vis‐à‐vis the surrounding culture, are applied to the alternative patterns of sexuality and parenting in the OTS. It is suggested that the magical aspect of the mass suicide expressed a concern for purity and for protecting the boundaries of their community. It is also suggested that the ritual homicides in Morin Heights resemble the ‘witch‐hunts’ characteristic of Douglas's ‘small society’ that conceives of itself as the perfect, impermeable vessel. 相似文献
33.
Ben A. Williams 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》1996,3(1):71-74
Rats were trained on an appetitive discriminated operant procedure according to a blocking design, in which training with a compound stimulus (A + B) was given with or without prior training with A alone. Stimulus B was then presented in compound with a new stimulus (B + C compound). The ability of Stimulus B to block acquisition of control by Stimulus C was decreased by B having itself been blocked by A during the prior training. The results imply that the mechanism of blocking during the initial blocking procedure was a reduced association between Stimulus B and the reinforcer, and not a performance deficit such as that postulated by comparator models of learning. 相似文献
34.
This paper describes a software system called PLE that is designed to turn a Data General Corporation computer system into a sophisticated infinite-channel tachistoscope. We describe hardware and software characteristics of the PLE system and evaluate its performance in comparison to a typical tachistoscope. Additionally, we describe two example experiments that have been implemented in the PLE system. 相似文献
35.
Ben Fletcher P. M. A. Rabbitt 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1978,30(3):417-427
In the experiment reported here the primary hypothesis proposed, which was supported by the data, was that subjects performing a two-choice self-paced serial RT task would learn to change their strategy of perceptual analysis of signals presented to them as they became progressively more practised. Early in practice each signal is identified as a particular state of the display and an appropriate response is then made. Well practised subjects, however, select their responses by reference to the change or constancy between successive displays. This strategy implies that the assumptions made by the generally accepted simple S-R connectionist model of two-choice serial RT may be quite misleading, since the choice of any particular response must be determined not only by the display state but also by what the previous response had been. 相似文献
36.
Ben Fletcher 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1981,30(4):347-352
The Hatfield Polytechnic, Hatfield, Herts ALIO 9AB, England The experiment utilized a serial choice reaction time (RT) paradigm in which only one alphanumeric stimulus was presented per trial, and the target set consisted of a single identified item. The categorical relationship between the target and nontarget items was varied as a property of blocks of trials. Target and nontarget RTs were smaller when the specified target item (e.g., the number 6) was categorically distinct from the nontargets (e.g., letters) than when it was from the same category (e.g., digits). The processing of catch-trial stimuli (items from the alternate category to the nontargets) and homographie category-ambiguous items was inhibited only in the former, between-category, condition. The results are contrasted with those obtained in visual search tasks. They suggest that a “locational-cue” explanation of alphanumeric category effects is inadequate. 相似文献
37.
Memory for objects and parts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Performance on whole comparisons of two whole objects was compared to that for partial comparisons of a whole object and a part. In particular, same-different comparisons were measured for sequential displays of two-dimensional line figures. The comparisons were analogous to those in the word priority paradigm (Johnson, 1975). The whole comparisons were found to be more accurate and faster than the partial comparisons. This whole advantage was also found for accuracy using a two-alternative forced-choice procedure. This effect was found for brief displays of a single object and for longer duration displays of two objects. It was also found for three different sets of line figures. In contrast, the whole advantage was not found for unconnected figures. These findings were interpreted in the context of hierarchical representations of objects and parts. 相似文献
38.
A single-subject experimental design was used to investigate the feasibility of applying non-invasive laboratory instrumentation for examining speech physiology to assessment and biofeedback-based remediation of stuttering. Physiologic assessment facilitated the development of behavioral goals directed at changing respiratory and phonatory behaviors for this subject. Visual biofeedback therapy produced reduction in respiratory discontinuities and increased phonatory continuity, concomitant with reduced perceivable molar dysfluency. Methods used in this case illustrate a variety of options and problems related to clinical use of instrumentation. Results suggest that signals which represent respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory physiologic events may be clinically practical for evaluating and altering perceivable dysfluency. 相似文献
39.
Ben A Williams 《Learning and motivation》1976,7(3):418-430
The correlation between short-term retention of the outcome of the preceding response and overall learning proficiency was investigated for serial reversal learning. Pigeons were trained to asymptote on a serial reversal problem and then were presented a percentage reinforcement schedule where only some correct trials were rewarded. Nonrewarded correct trials were treated exactly as incorrect trials. The difference in error probability following the two types of correct trials was then used as a measure of short-term retention. When intertrial intervals (ITI) were short (6 sec), substantial differences occurred. When the ITI's were increased, the difference in accuracy declined regularly to no difference at an ITI of 60 sec. This demonstration of a short-term retention gradient, coupled with the finding that overall reversal learning was much better with the shorter ITI's, suggests that a primary mechanism of improvement in serial reversal learning is the acquisition of a conditional discrimination based on the outcome of the preceding response. 相似文献
40.