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251.
Students, the future Information and Communication Technology (ICT) professionals, are often perceived to have little understanding
of the ethical issues associated with the use of ICTs. There is a growing recognition that the moral issues associated with
the use of the new technologies should be brought to the attention of students. Furthermore, they should be encouraged to
explore and think more deeply about the social and legal consequences of the use of ICTs.
This paper describes the development of a tool designed to raise students’ awareness of the social impact of ICTs. The tool
offers guidance to students undertaking computing and computer-related courses when considering the social, legal and professional
implications of the actions of participants in situations of ethical conflict. However, unlike previous work in this field,
this tool is not based on an artificial intelligence paradigm. Aspects of the theoretical basis for the design of the tool
and the tool’s practical development are discussed. Preliminary results from the testing of the tool are also discussed.
An earlier version of this paper was presented by one of the authors at the First International Conference on Teaching Applied
and Professional Ethics in Higher Education, Federal University of Surrey Centre for Applied Ethics, Southlands College, Roehampton,
London, 2–4 September, 2003. 相似文献
252.
Newell BR 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2005,9(1):11-15
The appeal of simple algorithms that take account of both the constraints of human cognitive capacity and the structure of environments has been an enduring theme in cognitive science. A novel version of such a boundedly rational perspective views the mind as containing an 'adaptive toolbox' of specialized cognitive heuristics suited to different problems. Although intuitively appealing, when this version was proposed, empirical evidence for the use of such heuristics was scant. I argue that in the light of empirical studies carried out since then, it is time this 'vision of rationality' was revised. An alternative view based on integrative models rather than collections of heuristics is proposed. 相似文献
253.
Albrecht TL Ruckdeschel JC Ray FL Pethe BJ Riddle DL Strohm J Penner LA Coovert MD Quinn G Blanchard CG 《Behavior research methods》2005,37(1):165-169
Recording and analyzing real-time interactions in clinical settings is important for basic and applied research in psychology
and other disciplines. Investigators frequently have used simple audiotaping procedures to record these encounters (e.g.,
Roter, Geller, Bernhardt, Larson, & Doksum, 1999), but videorecording is increasingly viewed as more reliable and valid, because
it captures the full range of complex and interdependent verbal and nonverbal behaviors that occur in an interaction. This
article describes a system designed to videotape clinical interactions in a manner that can be moved in and out of different
clinical rooms to preserve flexibility in its use. Data are presented to demonstrate that the system is unobtrusive during
the interaction, yet fully compatible with institutional review board guidelines to protect human participants’ privacy and
freedom to control the recording process. 相似文献
254.
Suzanne C. Thompson Craig Thomas Cheryl A. Rickabaugh Peerapong Tantamjarik Teresa Otsuki David Pan Ben F. Garcia & Evan Sinar 《Journal of personality》1998,66(4):583-605
Beliefs about appearance-related changes due to aging were used to test the effects of perceived control and secondary control (acceptance) in a sample of 412 young, early-middle-age, and late-middle-age college-educated adults. Mean difference in aging-related appearance control and hypotheses regarding the adaptiveness of primary and secondary control were examined. Primary control over aging-related appearance was lower in older adults and secondary control was higher. In addition, the results indicated support for the Primacy/Back-Up Model that primary perceived control is important at all levels of actual control. Those with stronger beliefs in their primary control were less distressed. Secondary control served a back-up function in that it was related to less distress only for those who had medium or lower beliefs in primary control. The implications of these findings, that primary control may be advantageous even in low-control circumstances, are discussed. 相似文献
255.
Ben Bauer Pierre Jolicoeur William B. Cowan 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1998,60(6):1083-1093
Bauer, Jolicoeur, and Cowan (1996b, 1996c) demonstrated difficult visual search for color targets that were not linearly separable (in color space) from two distractor colors and easier search for linearly separable targets. This suggested that search is mediated by a chromatically linear discrimination mechanism (see D’Zmura, 1991). However, in those experiments, the targets that were not linearly separable fell midway between the distractor colors and thus corresponded to the admix of the distractor colors. An alternate interpretation of the results of Bauer et al. is that search was more difficult when the target corresponded to the distractor admix than when it did not. We tested this hypothesis in three experiments by contrasting conditions in which a target that was not linearly separable did or did not correspond to the admix of the distractor colors. In all cases, a target that was not linearly separable produced difficult search, demonstrating that linear separability determines search performance. 相似文献
256.
257.
Ben Spiecker 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》1990,10(2):157-164
In this article an analysis of trust is given and two basic forms of trust are distinguished, viz., trust in powers and trust in inclinations. These forms of trust allow us to gain a better understanding in the pivotal role trust plays in the relationship between caretakers, parents and children. It is argued that it makes no sense to speak about basic mistrust of infants, and that having unlimited trust in the inclinations of adults is only a virtue in children. By having trust in both the powers and inclinations of children, parents stimulate the development of their self-confidence and moral identity. 相似文献
258.
Ben A. Williams 《Learning and motivation》1989,20(4)
Pigeons were trained on a VI (variable interval) schedule of food presentation with a superimposed schedule of response-independent food. Substantial suppression of the operant response rate occurred when the free food was presented without a signal. When the free food was preceded by a short (4 sec) signal, the degree of suppression was similar to that with unsignaled free food. But when the signal was lengthened to 12 sec, the degree of suppression was substantially reduced. Experiment 3 assessed the effect of signal duration using a baseline schedule of delayed reinforcement, in which contingent reinforcers were themselves preceded by a signal. The signal preceding the free reinforcers was then either the same as or different from this contingent signal. Signal duration effects occurred only when the two types of signals were different. These differences as a function of signal duration have implications for both “context-blocking” and “comparator” interpretations of the effects of noncontingent reinforcement in both Pavlovian and operant procedures. 相似文献
259.